Person versus process praise and criticism: Implications for contingent self-worth and coping
Person versus process praise and criticism: Implications for contingent self-worth and coping
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DOI：
10.1037/0012-1649.35.3.835
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发表时间：
1999-05-01
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Dweck, CS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kamins, ML;Dweck, CS
传统观点认为，赞美一个孩子的整体或称赞他或她的特点是有益的。两项研究验证了这样一种假设，即表达对人或性格的判断的批评和赞美都能传递偶然价值的信息，并破坏随后的应对。在研究1中，67名儿童（5-6岁）扮演了涉及挫折的角色任务，并在每个任务后接受了三种批评形式中的一种：人、结果或过程批评。在研究2中，64名儿童扮演成功任务的角色，并分别获得对人物、结果或过程的赞扬。在这两项研究中，对涉及挫折的后续任务的自我评估、影响和坚持进行了测量。结果表明，在人批评或表扬后，儿童在所有依赖测试中表现出明显高于过程批评或表扬后的“无助”反应（包括自责）。因此，人的反馈即使是积极的，也会产生脆弱性和偶然的自我价值感。
Conventional wisdom suggests that praising a child as a whole or praising his or her traits is beneficial. Two studies tested the hypothesis that both criticism and praise that conveyed person or trait judgments could send a message of contingent worth and undermine subsequent coping. In Study 1, 67 children (ages 5-6 years) role-played tasks involving a setback and received 1 of 3 forms of criticism after each task: person, outcome, or process criticism. In Study 2, 64 children role-played successful tasks and received either person, outcome, or process praise. In both studies, self-assessments, affect, and persistence were measured on a subsequent task involving a setback. Results indicated that children displayed significantly more "helpless" responses (including self-blame) on all dependent measures after person criticism or praise than after process criticism or praise. Thus person feedback even when positive, can create vulnerability and st sense of contingent self-worth.