Lijphart expanded: three dimensions of democracy in advanced OECD countries?
Lijphart expanded: three dimensions of democracy in advanced OECD countries?
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Lijphart 扩展：经合组织发达国家民主的三个维度？
DOI：
10.1017/s1755773909000071
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发表时间：
2009
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
A. Vatter
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Vatter
本文试图通过扩展Lijphart的多数民主和共识民主的概念，来考察23个现代经合组织民主国家中最重要的政治制度与直接民主之间的关系。本文更新了Lijphart最近一段时间（1997年至2006年）的数据收集，它回应了对Lijphart测量的一些变量和案例选择的批评，并将直接民主作为一个额外的变量。基于因素分析，主要发现是，在先进的民主国家，民主不只是两个，而是三个维度。横向维度包括选举制度的独立性、政党数量、行政立法关系、利益集团和中央银行独立程度。在民主的纵向维度中，我们发现联邦制、分权制、两院制、宪法条款的刚性和司法审查的力量。民主的自上而下的维度包括内阁政府的类型和直接民主的力量。与早期的研究相反，我们的实证分析证实了直接民主不是一个独立于所有其他政治制度的变量的假设。虽然积极的直接民主与广泛支持的多党政府齐头并进，但纯粹的代议制宪法经常与最低限度的获胜内阁一起出现。
This article attempts to examine the relationship between the most important political institutions and direct democracy in 23 modern OECD democracies by expanding Lijphart’s concept of majoritarian and consensus democracy. The article updates Lijphart’s data collection for the most recent period (1997–2006); it responds to criticisms of Lijphart’s measurement of a number of variables and of case selection, and it integrates direct democracy as an additional variable. Based on factor analysis, the main finding is that there are not just two, but three dimensions of democracy in advanced democracies. The horizontal dimension comprises the disproportionality of the electoral system, the number of parties, the executive–legislative relationship, the interest groups, and the degree of central bank independence. In the vertical dimension of democracy, we find federalism, decentralization, bicameralism, the rigidity of constitutional provisions, and the strength of judicial review. The top-to-bottom dimension of democracy comprises the type of cabinet government and the strength of direct democracy. In contrast to earlier research, our empirical analysis furnishes the hypothesis that direct democracy is not a variable that is independent of all other political institutions. While active direct democracy goes hand-in-hand with broadly supported multi-party governments, purely representative constitutions frequently appear in conjunction with minimal winning cabinets.