A framework for understanding the relationship between externally and internally directed cognition
A framework for understanding the relationship between externally and internally directed cognition
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DOI：
10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.05.024
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发表时间：
2014-09-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Christoff, Kalina
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dixon, Matthew L.;Fox, Kieran C. R.;Christoff, Kalina
外部定向认知(EDC)包括注意外部环境中的刺激，而内部定向认知(IDC)涉及内部注意思想、记忆和心理意象。到目前为止，大多数研究都集中在这些认知模式之间的竞争或取舍上。然而，EDC和IDC都包括在多个维度上不同的各种认知状态。这些维度可能会影响EDC和IDC相互联系的方式。在这篇综述中，我们提出了一个新的框架，该框架考虑了认知资源是外部定向还是内部定向，以及给定的认知状态是否涉及有意(即自愿)或自发(即非自愿)加工。在这个框架内，我们研究了EDC和IDC预计要么竞争，要么共存而不受干扰的条件。我们认为，EDC和IDC本质上并不是对立的，但当两者都涉及更高水平的意向性时，由于意向性加工的能力限制，它们越来越有可能相互竞争。相反，如果其中一个或两者都涉及自发处理，EDC和IDC可以在干扰最小的情况下同时发生，因为非自愿处理不受相同的能力限制。对EDC和IDC所涉及的大脑区域的回顾表明，它们的神经基质部分分离，部分收敛。EDC和IDC都在有意加工过程中招募外侧前额叶皮质(PFC)，因此可能会争夺它所支持的加工和表征空间。然而，在较低的意向性水平上，EDC和IDC依赖于很大程度上不同的神经结构，这可能使它们能够在不受干扰的情况下共存。EDC和IDC在某些情况下可以同时出现，这一提议为理解心理理论、创造力、自我评估加工对认知控制的影响以及记忆引导的注意提供了一个框架。(C)2014爱思唯尔有限公司。保留所有权利。
Externally directed cognition (EDC) involves attending to stimuli in the external environment, whereas internally directed cognition (IDC) involves attending internally to thoughts, memories and mental imagery. To date, most studies have focused on the competition or trade-offs between these modes of cognition. However, both EDC and IDC include a variety of cognitive states that differ along multiple dimensions. These dimensions may influence the way in which EDC and IDC relate to each other. In this review, we present a novel framework that considers whether cognitive resources are oriented externally or internally, and also whether a given cognitive state involves intentional (i.e., voluntary) or spontaneous (i.e., involuntary) processing. Within this framework, we examine the conditions under which EDC and IDC are expected to either compete, or co-occur without interference. We argue that EDC and IDC are not inherently antagonistic, but when both involve higher levels of intentionality they are increasingly likely to compete, due to the capacity limitations of intentional processing. In contrast, if one or both involve spontaneous processing, EDC and IDC can co-occur with minimal interference given that involuntary processes are not subject to the same capacity constraints. A review of the brain regions implicated in EDC and IDC suggests that their neural substrates are partially segregated and partially convergent. Both EDC and IDC recruit the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) during intentional processing, and may therefore compete over the processes and representational space it supports. However, at lower levels of intentionality, EDC and IDC rely on largely distinct neural structures, which may enable their co-occurrence without interference. The proposal that EDC and IDC can in some cases co-occur, provides a framework for understanding the complex mental states that underlie theory of mind, creativity, the influence of self-evaluative processing on cognitive control, and memory-guided attention. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.