Alternatively Activated Macrophages Revisited: New Insights into the Regulation of Immunity, Inflammation and Metabolic Function following Parasite Infection.
Alternatively Activated Macrophages Revisited: New Insights into the Regulation of Immunity, Inflammation and Metabolic Function following Parasite Infection.
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DOI：
10.2174/1573395509666131210232548
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发表时间：
2013-08-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Nair MG
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Jang JC;Nair MG
巨噬细胞在稳态条件和免疫系统中的作用范围从清除碎片到识别和杀死病原体。经典活化的巨噬细胞（CAMacs）由辅助性T型1 （Th1）细胞因子诱导并表现出杀微生物的特性，而Th2细胞因子促进巨噬细胞（AAMacs）的选择性活化。AAMacs有助于杀死寄生虫，并介导额外的宿主保护过程，如调节炎症和伤口愈合。然而，其他对Th1型反应敏感的寄生虫可以利用巨噬细胞的替代激活来减少Th1免疫反应并延长感染时间。在这篇综述中，我们将描述介导替代激活的因素（如Th2细胞因子和几丁质）和由此产生的下游信号事件（如STAT6信号传导）。接下来，将总结具体的aamac衍生因子（如精氨酸酶1）对寄生虫感染的抗性或易感性的贡献。最后，我们将讨论除对寄生虫免疫外的其他AAMac功能，包括调节炎症、伤口愈合和调节代谢紊乱。
The role of macrophages in homeostatic conditions and the immune system range from clearing debris to recognizing and killing pathogens. While classically activated macrophages (CAMacs) are induced by T helper type 1 (Th1) cytokines and exhibit microbicidal properties, Th2 cytokines promote alternative activation of macrophages (AAMacs). AAMacs contribute to the killing of helminth parasites and mediate additional host-protective processes such as regulating inflammation and wound healing. Yet, other parasites susceptible to Th1 type responses can exploit alternative activation of macrophages to diminish Th1 immune responses and prolong infection. In this review, we will delineate the factors that mediate alternative activation (e.g. Th2 cytokines and chitin) and the resulting downstream signaling events (e.g. STAT6 signaling). Next, the specific AAMac-derived factors (e.g. Arginase1) that contribute to resistance or susceptibility to parasitic infections will be summarized. Finally, we will conclude with the discussion of additional AAMac functions beyond immunity to parasites, including the regulation of inflammation, wound healing and the regulation of metabolic disorders.