ON THE DEFINITIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF DOMINANCE AND TERRITORIALITY
ON THE DEFINITIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF DOMINANCE AND TERRITORIALITY
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1469-185x.1983.tb00379.x
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发表时间：
1983-01-01
影响因子：
10
通讯作者：
KAUFMANN, JH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
KAUFMANN, JH
1.支配/从属关系是两个人之间的关系，其中一个在竞争情况下服从另一个。每一种这样的关系都代表了每个人的适应性妥协，其中比较了让步或不让步的收益和成本。群体中的熟人或邻近地区的邻居可能会基于个体认知发展出相对稳定的主从关系。尽管支配的攻击性方面通常被强调，但从属个体的不太明显的行为实际上在维持稳定的关系方面更重要。从进化的角度来看，主导地位本质上等于优先获得短缺资源。通常情况下，无论如何都可能在战斗中失败的下属，最好等待时机，直到更好地在另一个时间或另一个地方竞争。两个人都节省时间，精力，和受伤的风险，通过承认和遵守既定的支配-从属关系。3.在不同的地点或不同的时间，支配地位可以是绝对的，也可以是可预见的可逆的。在各种形式的支配地位行为中，等级制度和领地制分别代表绝对支配地位和相对支配地位的两个极端。支配等级是群体或有组织群体中个体之间适应性妥协的总和。许多动物似乎能够同时拥有绝对优势和相对优势，并且在物种特定的范围内，平衡可能会向一个或另一个方向移动。高密度，或可用资源的减少，有利于从相对优势向绝对优势的转变。有些物种可能同时表现出这两种情况。社会性哺乳动物可能具有群体内等级制度和群体之间的互惠领土，而列克物种的雄性可能通过捍卫小的个体领土而表现出“两极化领土”，最具统治力的雄性拥有大部分交配发生的中央领土。4.领土是一种与空间有关的支配形式。大多数生物学家都认为，它最重要的功能是为领土保持器提供有保证的关键资源供应。只有当个体的遗传适应性增加时，才会选择领土性，因为其对资源的增加超过了领土行为的时间，精力和伤害成本。领土性最初被狭义地定义为一个通过公开防御或广告将同种物种排除在外的地区。这一定义已作了不同的扩大，包括了所有或多或少属于专属的区域，而不考虑可能的防卫，最后包括了所有者占支配地位的所有区域。我将领土定义为个人或团体范围内的固定部分，在该部分中，它比在其他地方或其他时间具有优先权的其他人优先获得一种或多种关键资源。必须通过社会互动来实现这一优先获取。我的定义排除了对个人空间和移动资源的支配权，并包括通过相互回避而保持的排他性使用区域。它与大多数其他定义的不同之处在于，它明确承认时间是一个领土参数，并拒绝将排他性和公开辩护作为领土行为的必要组成部分。侵入领土的程度是不可分割的连续体，从功能上讲，重要的是优先获得资源，而不是排他性的占有。同样，在实现优先获得资源所需的行为强度方面，也有一个不可分割的连续体。决定一个专属区域是否受到保护会导致毫无意义的...
1. Dominance/subordinance is a relationship between two individuals in which one defers to the other in contest situations. Each such relationship represents an adaptive compromise for each individual in which the benefits and costs of giving in or not giving in are compared. Familiar associates in groups or neighbours on nearby territories may develop relatively stable dominant‐subordinate relationships based on individual recognition. Although the aggressive aspects of dominance are usually emphasized, the less conspicuous actions of the subordinate individual are actually more important in maintaining a stable relationship.2. In evolutionary terms, dominance essentially equals priority of access to resources in short supply. Usually the subordinate, who would probably lose in combat anyway, is better off to bide its time until better able to compete at another time or another place. Both individuals save time, energy, and the risk of injury by recognizing and abiding by an established dominant‐subordinate relationship.3. Dominance can be either absolute or predictably reversible in different locations or at different times. Of the various forms of dominance behaviour, rank hierarchies and territoriality represent the two extremes of absolute and relative dominance, respectively. A dominance hierarchy is the sum total of the adaptive compromises made between individuals in an aggregation or organized group. Many animals seem to be capable of both absolute and relative dominance, and within species‐specific limits the balance may shift toward one or the other. High density, or a decrease in available resources, favours a shift from relative to absolute dominance. Some species may exhibit both simultaneously. Social mammals may have intra‐group hierarchies and reciprocal territoriality between groups, while the males of lek species may exhibit ‘polarized territoriality’ by defending small individual territories, with the most dominant males holding the central territories where most of the mating takes place.4. Territoriality is a form of space‐related dominance. Most biologists agree that its most important function is to provide the territory holder with an assured supply of critical resources. Territoriality is selected for only when the individual's genetic fitness is increased because its increased access to resources outweighs the time, energy, and injury costs of territorial behaviour.5. Territoriality was first defined narrowly as an area from which conspecifics are excluded by overt defence or advertisement. The definition has been variously expanded to include all more or less exclusive areas without regard to possible defence, and finally to include all areas in which the owner is dominant. I define territory as a fixed portion of an individual's or group's range in which it has priority of access to one or more critical resources over others who have priority elsewhere or at another time. This priority of access must be achieved through social interaction.6. My definition excludes dominance over individual space and moving resources, and includes areas of exclusive use maintained by mutual avoidance. It differs from most other definitions in its explicit recognition of time as a territorial parameter and its rejection of exclusivity and overt defence as necessary components of territorial behaviour. There is an indivisible continuum of degrees of trespass onto territories, and functionally it is priority of access to resources that is important rather than exclusive occupancy.7. There is a similarly indivisible continuum in the intensity of behaviour needed to achieve priority of access to resources. Deciding whether or not an exclusive area is defended leads to the pointless …