MDMA-related deaths in Australia 2000 to 2018
MDMA-related deaths in Australia 2000 to 2018
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DOI：
10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.102630
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发表时间：
2020-02-01
影响因子：
4.4
通讯作者：
Lappin, Julia
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Roxburgh, Amanda;Lappin, Julia
背景：国际上的摇头丸市场发生了重大变化，据记录，高纯度摇头丸的制造量有所增加。本研究探讨了澳大利亚MDMA相关死亡的趋势，调查这些deaths.Methods的特点，情况和毒理学：MDMA相关的死亡在澳大利亚2001年至2018年之间的分析，从国家冠状信息系统（NCIS）提取。死亡被分类为（1）药物毒性死亡，其中MDMA（有和没有其他药物）的毒性被认为是死因的根本原因;和（2）其他原因的死亡，MDMA（有和没有其他药物）中毒/毒性被认为是促成death.Results：392死亡，中位年龄为26岁。81%为男性。女性明显比男性年轻（24岁对27岁）。三分之二（62%）的死亡归因于药物毒性（48%为多种药物毒性，14%为单独的MDMA毒性），三分之一（38%）的死亡归因于其他原因（主要是机动车事故），MDMA被记录为促成因素。死亡率在2001年至2007年期间显著上升，在2008年至2010年期间下降，在2011年至2016年期间再次上升。MDMA中位浓度为0.45 mg/L，女性显著高于男性（0.70 vs. 0.42 mg/L）。死亡归因于MDMA毒性单独有一个显着较高的血液MDMA浓度比多种药物毒性死亡（1.20与0.43毫克/L）。结论：死亡主要发生在男性在他们的二十多岁，与女性可能显着年轻。观察到三个明显的死亡率趋势时期（上升和下降），与国际供应趋势一致。虽然大多数死亡是由多种药物毒性引起的，但也有相当比例的死亡完全归因于MDMA毒性。
Background: MDMA markets have undergone substantial changes internationally, with increasing manufacture of high purity MDMA recorded. This study examined trends in MDMA-related deaths in Australia, investigating characteristics, circumstances and toxicology of these deaths.Methods: Analysis of MDMA-related deaths in Australia between 2001 and 2018, extracted from the National Coronial Information System (NCIS). Deaths were categorized into (1) drug toxicity deaths, where MDMA (with and without other drug) toxicity was considered by the coroner to be the underlying cause of death; and (2) other cause deaths, with MDMA (with and without other drug) intoxication/toxicity considered contributory to death.Results: 392 deaths were identified, with a median age of 26 years. 81% were male. Females were significantly younger than males (24 vs. 27 years). Two-thirds (62%) of deaths were attributed to drug toxicity (48% multiple drug toxicity and 14% MDMA toxicity alone), and one third (38%) to other causes (predominantly motor vehicle accidents) with MDMA recorded as a contributory factor. Death rates increased significantly between 2001 and 2007, declined between 2008 and 2010, and increased again between 2011 and 2016. Median MDMA concentration was 0.45 mg/L, and was significantly higher amongst females than males (0.70 vs. 0.42 mg/L). Deaths attributable to MDMA toxicity alone had a significantly higher blood MDMA concentration than multiple drug toxicity deaths (1.20 vs. 0.43 mg/L).Conclusions: Deaths occurred predominantly among males in their mid-twenties, with females likely to be significantly younger. Three marked periods of trends in death rates (increases and declines) were observed, consistent with international supply trends. While most deaths were due to multiple drug toxicity, a notable proportion were attributed solely to MDMA toxicity.