GROWTH FORM EVOLUTION IN PIPERALES AND ITS RELEVANCE FOR UNDERSTANDING ANGIOSPERM DIVERSIFICATION: AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH COMBINING PLANT ARCHITECTURE, ANATOMY, AND BIOMECHANICS
GROWTH FORM EVOLUTION IN PIPERALES AND ITS RELEVANCE FOR UNDERSTANDING ANGIOSPERM DIVERSIFICATION: AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH COMBINING PLANT ARCHITECTURE, ANATOMY, AND BIOMECHANICS
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DOI：
10.1086/665821
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发表时间：
2012-07-01
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Rowe, Nick P.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Isnard, Sandrine;Prosperi, Juliana;Rowe, Nick P.
早期被子植物谱系的一个显著特征是生活型和生长型的多样性，其范围从草本植物、水生草本植物、攀缘植物和附生植物到木本灌木和乔木。这种形态和解剖学上的多样性可以说是解释被子植物如何统治世界各地许多生态系统的因素之一。然而，如此广泛的生长形式是如何在被子植物中进化的仍然不清楚。在这篇综述中，我们调查的模式，在紫菀目，早期分歧的血统（干年龄估计在201-128万年前）和木兰科植物之间的形态多样性分支的增长形式多样化。我们概述了生长形式多样性和建筑的模式，以及发展特征的生物力学意义，如组织，损失和获得的木质。细辛亚科和三白草科是陆生和半水生到水生的多年生草本植物，具有根状茎。马兜铃亚科和马兜铃科表现出更高水平的生长形式多样性和生物力学组织，具有增加或减少木质和建筑组织的复杂模式。攀援习性可能在马兜铃科和马兜铃科中独立进化，而机械不稳定的灌木和不太常见的乔木在这两个物种最丰富的分支中进化了几次。一个关键的发展特点的多样性，在大多数植物-除了草本Saruma（Asaroideae）-是保守的发展的木圆筒，其中梭形的初始仅限于束状carnbial初始。由此产生的大部分射线状组织在干的高度特征的木本物种在mandales-potentially引入机械约束的多样化的自我支持的架构。这可能是规避建筑发展的重复，大直径分生组织在一些灌木状的习惯，通过合轴生长。紫云英目内的生长形态进化模式可能反映了早期发散被子植物作为一个整体以及被子植物中观察到的一些总体趋势。这些变化包括生命形式和生长形式的深刻变化，这些变化与木质的大规模转变，机械组织的多样性以及建筑发展的转变有关。
A striking feature of early angiosperm lineages is the variety of life forms and growth forms, which ranges from herbs, aquatic herbs, climbers, and epiphytes to woody shrubs and trees. This morphological and anatomical diversity is arguably one of the factors explaining how angiosperms dominate many ecosystems worldwide. However, just how such a wide spectrum of growth forms has evolved in angiosperms remains unclear. In this review, we investigate patterns of growth form diversification in Piperales, an early-diverging lineage (with stem age estimated at 201-128 Myr ago) and the most morphologically diverse clade among magnoliids. We outline patterns of growth form diversity and architecture as well as the biomechanical significance of developmental characters, such the organization, loss, and gain of woodiness. Asaroideae and Saururaceae are terrestrial as well as semiaquatic to aquatic herbaceous perennials bearing rhizomes. The Aristolochioideae and Piperaceae show higher levels of growth form diversity and biomechanical organization, with complex patterns of increasing or decreasing woodiness and architectural organization. The climbing habit has probably evolved independently in the Aristolochiaceae and Piperaceae, while mechanically unstable shrubs and, less frequently, treelets have evolved several times within these two most species-rich clades. A key developmental character underlying diversity in most Piperales-with the exception of the herbaceous Saruma (Asaroideae)-is the conserved development of the wood cylinder, in which fusiform initials are limited to fascicular carnbial initials. The resulting large fraction of raylike tissue in the stem-a highly characteristic feature of woody species in the Piperales-potentially introduced mechanical constraints on the diversification of self-supporting architectures. This was possibly circumvented by the architectural development of repeated, large-diameter meristems in some shrublike habits via sympodial growth. Patterns of growth form evolution within Piperales potentially mirror some of the overall trends observed among early-diverging angiosperms as a whole as well as angiosperms in general. These include profound changes in life form and growth form linked to large-scale transitions in woodiness, diversity of mechanical organization, and shifts in architectural development.