The Location and Protection Status of Earth's Diminishing Marine Wilderness
The Location and Protection Status of Earth's Diminishing Marine Wilderness
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DOI：
10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.010
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发表时间：
2018-08-06
期刊：
影响因子：
9.2
通讯作者：
Watson, James E. M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Jones, Kendall R.;Klein, Carissa J.;Watson, James E. M.
随着人类活动日益威胁生物多样性 [1, 2]，没有强烈人类影响的地区成为重要的避难所 [3]。这些荒野地区具有高度的遗传多样性、独特的功能性状和特有物种[4-7]；保持高水平的生态和进化连通性[8-10]；并且可以很好地抵御气候变化的影响并从中恢复[11-13]。在陆地上，荒野的迅速减少 [3] 导致人们迫切呼吁保护荒野 [3, 14]。相比之下，人们对海洋荒野的范围和保护知之甚少[4, 5]。在这里，我们系统地绘制了全球海洋荒野地图，确定了 15 种人为压力源影响极小（最低 10%）且这些压力源综合累积影响极低的区域。我们发现大约 13% 的海洋符合全球荒野的定义，其中大部分位于公海。认识到人类对不同海洋区域的影响有所不同，我们在 16 个海洋领域中的每一个领域重复进行分析 [15]。特定地区的荒野范围差异很大，温暖的印度太平洋地区> 1,600 万公里(2) (8.6%)，而南部非洲温带地区则降至< 2,000 公里(2) (0.5%)。我们还表明，海洋保护区仅占全球荒野的 4.9% 和特定领域荒野的 4.1%，其中很少一部分位于珊瑚礁等生物多样性生态系统中。现在应将积极保留海洋荒野纳入旨在保护生物多样性并确保大规模生态和进化过程继续进行的全球战略。
As human activities increasingly threaten biodiversity [1, 2], areas devoid of intense human impacts are vital refugia [3]. These wilderness areas contain high genetic diversity, unique functional traits, and endemic species [4-7]; maintain high levels of ecological and evolutionary connectivity [8-10]; and may be well placed to resist and recover from the impacts of climate change [11-13]. On land, rapid declines in wilderness [3] have led to urgent calls for its protection [3, 14]. In contrast, little is known about the extent and protection of marine wilderness [4, 5]. Here we systematically map marine wilderness globally by identifying areas that have both very little impact (lowest 10%) from 15 anthropogenic stressors and also a very low combined cumulative impact from these stressors. We discover that similar to 13% of the ocean meets this definition of global wilderness, with most being located in the high seas. Recognizing that human influence differs across ocean regions, we repeat the analysis within each of the 16 ocean realms [15]. Realm-specific wilderness extent varies considerably, with >16 million km(2) (8.6%) in the Warm Indo-Pacific, down to < 2,000 km(2) (0.5%) in Temperate Southern Africa. We also show that the marine protected area estate holds only 4.9% of global wilderness and 4.1% of realm-specific wilderness, very little of which is in biodiverse ecosystems such as coral reefs. Proactive retention of marine wilderness should now be incorporated into global strategies aimed at conserving biodiversity and ensuring that large-scale ecological and evolutionary processes continue.