The effect of nicotine on perceptual, ocular motor, postural, and vegetative functions at rest and in motion
The effect of nicotine on perceptual, ocular motor, postural, and vegetative functions at rest and in motion
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DOI：
10.1007/s00415-007-0621-9
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发表时间：
2007-11
影响因子：
6
通讯作者：
V. Zingler;K. Denecke;K. Jahn;L. Meyer;S. Krafczyk;M. Krams;R. Elfont;T. Brandt;M. Strupp;S. Glasauer
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文献类型：
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作者：
V. Zingler;K. Denecke;K. Jahn;L. Meyer;S. Krafczyk;M. Krams;R. Elfont;T. Brandt;M. Strupp;S. Glasauer
尼古丁具有众所周知的不良副作用，例如，短暂性头晕、恶心和尼古丁诱发的眼球震颤（NIN）。为了研究影响这些效应的因素，我们提出了三个问题：（1）头晕、恶心、NIN和不稳定的强度是否取决于尼古丁剂量？(2)知觉、眼运动、植物效应和姿势不平衡的强度是否相关？(3)视觉或前庭运动刺激是否会产生和/或加重令人痛苦的头晕和恶心？60名健康的非吸烟者或偶尔吸烟者参与了研究; 40名受试者在使用尼古丁鼻喷雾剂（剂量为1 mg或2 mg，有或没有运动刺激）之前和之后接受了一次测试; 20名受试者接受了安慰剂鼻喷雾剂。血浆尼古丁浓度与尼古丁剂量显著相关。头晕、恶心、NIN和不稳定也取决于尼古丁剂量（p < 0.01）。尼古丁血浓度比尼古丁剂量更能预测眼球震颤的时间依赖性。头晕与恶心高度相关（R = 0.63，p < 0.001）。尼古丁引起的恶心程度与体位失衡显著相关。姿势摇摆的时间过程根据尼古丁剂量和性别而不同：对于女性，摇摆幅度和尼古丁剂量之间没有明确的关系，而男性则随着剂量的增加而增加摇摆。运动刺激增加尼古丁引起的头晕和恶心，但对NIN或姿势不平衡没有显著影响。我们的数据支持这样的观点，即所有测量到的不良反应都反映了剂量依赖性尼古丁诱导的前庭功能障碍。额外的运动刺激加重头晕和恶心，即，尼古丁增加对运动病的敏感性。
Nicotine has wellknown, unpleasant side effects, e.g., transient dizziness, nausea, and nicotine-induced nystagmus (NIN). To investigate factors influencing these effects, we addressed three questions: (1) Is the intensity of dizziness, nausea, NIN, and unsteadiness dependent on nicotine dosage? (2) Does the intensity of perceptual, ocular motor, vegetative effects, and postural imbalance correlate? (3) Do visual or vestibular motion stimuli produce and/or aggravate distressing dizziness and nausea? Sixty healthy non-smokers or occasional smokers participated; 40 were tested once before and six times after application of a nicotine nasal spray in doses of 1 mg or 2 mg with or without motion stimulation; 20 received a placebo nasal spray. Plasma nicotine concentrations were significantly related to nicotine dosage. Dizziness, nausea, NIN, and unsteadiness also depended on the nicotine dosage (p < 0.01).Nicotine blood concentration was a better predictor for the temporal dependence of nystagmus than nicotine dosage.Dizziness correlated highly with nausea (R = 0.63, p < 0.001). The degree of nicotine-induced nausea significantly correlated with postural imbalance. The time course of postural sway differed according to nicotine dosage and gender: for women, there was no clear relationship between sway magnitude and nicotine dosage, while men showed increased sway with higher dosage.Motion stimulation increased nicotine-induced dizziness and nausea, but did not significantly influence NIN or postural imbalance. Our data support the view that all measured adverse effects reflect dose-dependent nicotine-induced vestibular dysfunction. Additional motion stimulation aggravates dizziness and nausea, i.e., nicotine increases sensitivity to motion sickness.