Equivalent Theories and Changing Hamiltonian Observables in General Relativity

Equivalent Theories and Changing Hamiltonian Observables in General Relativity
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广义相对论中的等效理论和变化的哈密顿可观测量

DOI:
10.1007/s10701-018-0148-1
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发表时间:
2018
影响因子:
1.5
通讯作者:
Pitts, J. Brian
Pitts, J. Brian
中科院分区:
物理与天体物理4区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Pitts, J. Brian

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根据观测量最常见的定义,变化和局部空间变化在哈密顿广义相对论中是缺失的,因为具有所有第一类约束的泊松括号为0。但其他的可观测量的定义已经提出。为了追求哈密顿-拉格朗日等价,脑桥、索尔兹伯里和桑德迈尔使用了安德森-伯格曼-卡斯特拉尼规范生成元G,这是一个第一类约束的调谐和。Kuchasyngy放弃了0泊松括号条件的哈密顿约束,以实现不断变化的可观测量。两种改革的系统结合可能会使用规范生成器,但允许广义相对论的外部规范对称性的非零李导数泊松括号。幸运的是,人们可以通过计算来检验观测量的定义,使用两种理论公式,一种没有规范自由,一种有规范自由。这些公式在经验上是等价的,它们必须具有等价的可观测量。对于德布罗意-普罗卡非规范大质量电磁学,所有约束都是二等的,所以一切都是可观测的。从规范Stueckelberg-Utiyama电磁学中要求等效的可观量,人们发现通常的定义失败,而Pons-Salisbury-Sundermeyer定义与G成功。然而,这个定义并不容易产生GR的变化。广义相对论的外部规范自由度应该与内部规范对称性共享0泊松括号(不变性),还是协方差(变换规则)足够?引力子质量破坏了规范对称性(广义协方差),但它可以通过时钟场的参数化来恢复。通过要求等价的可观测量,可以测试可观测量是否应该有0或李导数作为规范生成元G的泊松括号。后一种定义是通过计算证明的。虽然这一结论以前已经报道过,但这里给出了一些详细的计算。
Change and local spatial variation are missing in Hamiltonian general relativity according to the most common definition of observables as having 0 Poisson bracket with all first-class constraints. But other definitions of observables have been proposed. In pursuit of Hamiltonian–Lagrangian equivalence, Pons, Salisbury and Sundermeyer use the Anderson–Bergmann–Castellani gauge generatorG, a tuned sum of first-class constraints. Kuchař waived the 0 Poisson bracket condition for the Hamiltonian constraint to achieve changing observables. A systematic combination of the two reforms might use the gauge generator but permit non-zero Lie derivative Poisson brackets for the external gauge symmetry of General Relativity. Fortunately one can test definitions of observables by calculation using two formulations of a theory, one without gauge freedom and one with gauge freedom. The formulations, being empirically equivalent, must have equivalent observables. For de Broglie-Proca non-gauge massive electromagnetism, all constraints are second-class, so everything is observable. Demanding equivalent observables from gauge Stueckelberg–Utiyama electromagnetism, one finds that the usual definition fails while the Pons–Salisbury–Sundermeyer definition withGsucceeds. This definition does not readily yield change in GR, however. Should GR’s external gauge freedom of general relativity share with internal gauge symmetries the 0 Poisson bracket (invariance), or is covariance (a transformation rule) sufficient? A graviton mass breaks the gauge symmetry (general covariance), but it can be restored by parametrization with clock fields. By requiring equivalent observables, one can test whether observables should have 0 or the Lie derivative as the Poisson bracket with the gauge generatorG. The latter definition is vindicated by calculation. While this conclusion has been reported previously, here the calculation is given in some detail.
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