Equivalent Theories and Changing Hamiltonian Observables in General Relativity
Equivalent Theories and Changing Hamiltonian Observables in General Relativity
复制标题
广义相对论中的等效理论和变化的哈密顿可观测量
DOI:
10.1007/s10701-018-0148-1
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发表时间:
2018
影响因子:
1.5
通讯作者:
Pitts, J. Brian
中科院分区:
文献类型:
--
作者:
Pitts, J. Brian
Change and local spatial variation are missing in Hamiltonian general relativity according to the most common definition of observables as having 0 Poisson bracket with all first-class constraints. But other definitions of observables have been proposed. In pursuit of Hamiltonian–Lagrangian equivalence, Pons, Salisbury and Sundermeyer use the Anderson–Bergmann–Castellani gauge generatorG, a tuned sum of first-class constraints. Kuchař waived the 0 Poisson bracket condition for the Hamiltonian constraint to achieve changing observables. A systematic combination of the two reforms might use the gauge generator but permit non-zero Lie derivative Poisson brackets for the external gauge symmetry of General Relativity. Fortunately one can test definitions of observables by calculation using two formulations of a theory, one without gauge freedom and one with gauge freedom. The formulations, being empirically equivalent, must have equivalent observables. For de Broglie-Proca non-gauge massive electromagnetism, all constraints are second-class, so everything is observable. Demanding equivalent observables from gauge Stueckelberg–Utiyama electromagnetism, one finds that the usual definition fails while the Pons–Salisbury–Sundermeyer definition withGsucceeds. This definition does not readily yield change in GR, however. Should GR’s external gauge freedom of general relativity share with internal gauge symmetries the 0 Poisson bracket (invariance), or is covariance (a transformation rule) sufficient? A graviton mass breaks the gauge symmetry (general covariance), but it can be restored by parametrization with clock fields. By requiring equivalent observables, one can test whether observables should have 0 or the Lie derivative as the Poisson bracket with the gauge generatorG. The latter definition is vindicated by calculation. While this conclusion has been reported previously, here the calculation is given in some detail.
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DOI:
--
发表时间:
--
期刊:
影响因子:
--
作者:
L. Rosenfeld
通讯作者:
L. Rosenfeld
影响因子:
8.6
作者:
S. Deser;Andrew Waldron
通讯作者:
Andrew Waldron
DOI:
--
发表时间:
2016
期刊:
影响因子:
--
作者:
Brian Pitts
通讯作者:
Brian Pitts
DOI:
--
发表时间:
1999
期刊:
影响因子:
--
作者:
J. M. Pons;D. Salisbury;L. C. Shepley
通讯作者:
L. C. Shepley
DOI:
--
发表时间:
2006
期刊:
影响因子:
--
作者:
J. B. Pitts
通讯作者:
J. B. Pitts