Livestock Waste and Its Impact on Human Health
Livestock Waste and Its Impact on Human Health
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畜牧废物及其对人类健康的影响
DOI：
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
L. K. Saxena
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Ravindra Sewak;L. K. Saxena
印度政府目前的主要重点是建造厕所，以控制露天排便，这在印度农村非常普遍。印度有大约5.12亿牲畜，很大程度上受到人畜共患疾病的影响。微生物以浆液的形式被输送到水体中。每年产生的粪便总量约为300万吨。粪便中主要病原菌含量大于粪便多余。病原体有细菌性、寄生虫性、致病性和病毒性。牛的排泄物比人的排泄物含有更多的病原体，而人的排泄物比猪粪和牛粪具有更多的肥料价值。在潮湿条件下，人均排泄物贡献约为450克，在干燥条件下，人均排泄物贡献约为110克。病原体的死亡速度取决于温度、湿度、紫外线、生物体的类型及其环境。病原体的传播方式可以是水传播感染、水洗感染、水基感染和昆虫媒介感染。预防和控制这些疾病的办法是：改善不同国家机构的水质和供水数量，改善用水，提高卫生标准，减少人和牛排泄物对水体的污染，控制水体中昆虫的繁殖，以及在家庭一级使用蚊帐和驱蚊剂。
The Government of India currently has prime focus on construction of toilets to control open defecation, highly prevalent in rural India. India has about 512 Million livestock population and is largely affected by zoonotic diseases. Microbes are transported to the water bodies in slurry form. The total amount of dung produced is about 3 million tons annually. The main pathogen content of dung excreta is more than faecal extra. Pathogens are bacterial, helminthic, pathogenic and viral. Cattle excreta have more pathogens than human excreta, while human excreta have more fertilizer value than pig and cow manure. Per capita contribution of human excreta is about 450g in wet condition and 110g in dry condition. The die-off rate of pathogens depends on the temperature, moisture, UV light, type of organisms, and their environment. Modes of transmission of pathogens can be water-borne infection, water-washed infection, water-based infection and insect vector infection. These are prevented and controlled by improving water quality and quantity supplied of water by different state agencies, improving use of water, improving hygiene standards, reducing water body contamination by human and cattle excreta, controlling breeding of insects in water bodies, and use of mosquito nets and repellents at the household level.