Flexible working hours, health, and well-being in Europe:: Some considerations from a SALTSA project
Flexible working hours, health, and well-being in Europe:: Some considerations from a SALTSA project
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DOI：
10.1081/cbi-200035935
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发表时间：
2004-01-01
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Silvério, J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Costa, G;Åkerstedt, T;Silvério, J
该项目汇集了来自9个欧盟国家的研究人员，并导致采取了一些行动，特别是以下行动：（a）迫切需要界定灵活工作时间的概念，因为它已被用于许多不同的，甚至违反直觉的方式;最明显的区别是对工作时间的影响在哪里，即介于“公司本位柔性”与“个人本位柔性”之间;（B）对15个欧洲国家现行立法的审查表明，对工作时间的管制相当广泛，（理事会指令93/104/EC）几乎所有各种工作时间安排（即，（c）根据欧盟第三次工作条件调查的数据，较长和“不规则”的工作时间一般与较低的健康和福利水平有关;此外，工作时间的（个人）灵活性低和变化大（即，（d）来自不同国家的六项次级研究表明，弹性工作时间因国家、经济部门、社会地位和性别而异;加班是公司最常见的灵活性形式，但对压力、睡眠、社会和心理健康有负面影响;个体灵活性强调了公司灵活性对主观健康、安全和社会幸福感的负面影响;（e）文献审查能够列出1 000多份参考资料，但令人吃惊的是，这些文件大多数主要是争论性的，经验数据很少。因此，人们可以得出结论，我们的社会正在进行大规模的干预，其影响几乎完全未知和不受控制。因此，迫切需要进行系统的研究和严格控制的行动，以便详细审查考虑了哪些灵活的工作时间，其积极影响是什么和在哪里，特别是在自主权方面，以及什么监管似乎最合理。
The project brought together researchers from 9 EU-Countries and resulted in a number of actions, in particular the following: (a) There is an urgent need of defining the concept of flexible working hours, since it has been used in many different and even counterintuitive ways; the most obvious distinction is where the influence over the working hours lies, that is between the "company-based flexibility" and the "individual-oriented flexibility"; (b) The review of the Legislation in force in the 15 European countries shows that the regulation of working times is quite extensive and covers (Council Directive 93/104/EC) almost all the various arrangements of working hours (i.e., part-time, overtime, shift, and night work), but fails to provide for flexibility; (c) According to the data of the Third EU Survey on Working Conditions, longer and "irregular" working hours are in general linked to lower levels of health and well-being; moreover, low (individual) flexibility and high variability of working hours (i.e., company-based flexibility) were consistently associated with poor health and well-being, while low variability combined with high autonomy showed positive effects; (d) Six substudies from different countries demonstrated that flexible working hours vary according to country, economic sector, social status, and gender; overtime is the most frequent form of company-based flexibility but has negative effects on stress, sleep, and social and mental health; individual flexibility alleviates the negative effects of the company-based flexibility on subjective health, safety, and social well-being; (e) The literature review was able to list more than 1,000 references, but it was striking that most of these documents were mainly argumentative with very little empirical data. Thus, one may conclude that there is a large-scale intervention ongoing in our society with almost completely unknown and uncontrolled effects. Consequently, there is a strong need for systematic research and well-controlled actions in order to examine in detail what flexible working hours are considered, what and where are their positive effects, in particular, as concerns autonomy, and what regulation seem most reasonable.