Acquisition of a socially learned tool use sequence in chimpanzees: Implications for cumulative culture.
Acquisition of a socially learned tool use sequence in chimpanzees: Implications for cumulative culture.
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黑猩猩社会学习工具使用序列的获得：对累积文化的影响。
DOI：
10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2017.04.007
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Whiten,Andrew
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Vale,GillianL;Davis,SarahJ;Lambeth,SusanP;Schapiro,StevenJ;Whiten,Andrew
累积的文化支撑着人类作为一个物种的巨大成功。认为其他动物无法适应文化的说法很普遍，但这只是建立在少数实证研究的基础上。因此，累积文化是否是人类独有的仍然是一个有争议和未充分研究的问题，对我们理解这种现象的演变具有深远的影响。我们调查了人类的两个最接近的灵长类亲戚之一，黑猩猩，是否能够通过将圈养种群暴露于一种新的榨汁任务来实现一定程度的文化棘轮效应。我们发现，接种有模型的组（N= 3），该模型被训练以执行基于更简单、未修改的工具使用的工具修改，开发了接种工具方法，该方法允许比未暴露于训练模型的组（非接种对照;N= 3）实现更大的果汁返回。一个非种子组也发现了行为序列，要么通过结合反社会和社会学习，要么通过重复发明。这种行为序列被发现超出了黑猩猩（N= 1组）的额外对照样本可以发现自己没有一个称职的模型，缺乏经验，更简单，未经修改的工具行为。五只黑猩猩在没有社会信息的情况下进行了单独测试，但有简单的未经修改的工具使用经验，发明了部分，但不是全部的行为序列。我们的研究结果表明，（i）社会学习促进了传播的模型演示的工具修改技术，（ii）简单的工具行为的经验可能有助于个人发现更复杂的工具操作，（iii）一个子集的个人能够学习相对复杂的行为，无论是通过学习asocially和社会或重复发明随着时间的推移。黑猩猩通过社会和非社会学习来学习越来越复杂的行为，这表明人类在这方面的非凡能力是建立在这样的基础之上的。
Cumulative culture underpins humanity's enormous success as a species. Claims that other animals are incapable of cultural ratcheting are prevalent, but are founded on just a handful of empirical studies. Whether cumulative culture is unique to humans thus remains a controversial and understudied question that has far-reaching implications for our understanding of the evolution of this phenomenon. We investigated whether one of human's two closest living primate relatives, chimpanzees, are capable of a degree of cultural ratcheting by exposing captive populations to a novel juice extraction task. We found that groups (N= 3) seeded with a model trained to perform a tool modification that built upon simpler, unmodified tool use developed the seeded tool method that allowed greater juice returns than achieved by groups not exposed to a trained model (non-seeded controls;N= 3). One non-seeded group also discovered the behavioral sequence, either by coupling asocial and social learning or by repeated invention. This behavioral sequence was found to be beyond what an additional control sample of chimpanzees (N= 1 group) could discover for themselves without a competent model and lacking experience with simpler, unmodified tool behaviors. Five chimpanzees tested individually with no social information, but with experience of simple unmodified tool use, invented part, but not all, of the behavioral sequence. Our findings indicate that (i) social learning facilitated the propagation of the model-demonstrated tool modification technique, (ii) experience with simple tool behaviors may facilitate individual discovery of more complex tool manipulations, and (iii) a subset of individuals were capable of learning relatively complex behaviors either by learning asocially and socially or by repeated invention over time. That chimpanzees learn increasingly complex behaviors through social and asocial learning suggests that humans' extraordinary ability to do so was built on such prior foundations.