Breath analysis for detection of viral infection, the current position of the field
Breath analysis for detection of viral infection, the current position of the field
复制标题
DOI：
10.1088/1752-7163/ab9c32
复制
发表时间：
2020-10-01
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
de Lacy Costello, Ben
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gould, Oliver;Ratcliffe, Norman;de Lacy Costello, Ben
2019冠状病毒病大流行凸显了对病毒感染进行快速、具有成本效益、准确和非侵入性检测的重要性。几十年来，人们一直认为挥发性化合物（VCs）符合这些标准。然而，目前在使用vc诊断病毒感染方面做的工作很少。迄今为止开展的大部分工作涉及细菌和病毒感染源的区分，并经常检测细菌和病毒的共同感染。然而，这通常是在体外完成的，很少有工作涉及使用人类参与者。病毒劫持宿主细胞代谢，不产生自己的代谢物，因此识别病毒特异性vc充其量是一项具有挑战性的任务。然而，有一些蛋白质和脂质是潜在的候选病毒感染标记物。目前的理解是，宿主细胞糖酵解在病毒感染下上调，以增加病毒复制的可用能量。有证据表明，病毒感染导致脂肪酸、烷烃和烷烃相关产品的产量增加。例如，2,3-丁二酮、醛类、2,8-二甲基十一烷和醋酸正丙酯都与病毒感染有关。目前，文献指出氧化应激标志物（如一氧化氮、醛等）在确定病毒感染方面最有用。然而，问题是，还有许多其他条件可以导致氧化应激标志物的产生。在这篇综述中，讨论了一系列（主要是质谱）的方法来检测呼吸中的病毒，包括呼吸冷凝水。目前，MALDI-ToF-MS可能是鉴定病毒株和这些病毒株变异的首选方法，但它受到病毒株测序和数据库记录的限制。
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of rapid, cost effective, accurate, and non-invasive testing for viral infections. Volatile compounds (VCs) have been suggested for several decades as fulfilling these criteria. However currently very little work has been done in trying to diagnose viral infections using VCs. Much of the work carried out to date involves the differentiation of bacterial and viral sources of infection and often the detection of bacterial and viral co-infection. However, this has usually been donein vitroand very little work has involved the use of human participants. Viruses hijack the host cell metabolism and do not produce their own metabolites so identifying virus specific VCs is at best a challenging task. However, there are proteins and lipids that are potential candidates as markers of viral infection. The current understanding is that host cell glycolysis is upregulated under viral infection to increase the available energy for viral replication. There is some evidence that viral infection leads to the increase of production of fatty acids, alkanes, and alkanes related products. For instance, 2,3-butandione, aldehydes, 2,8-dimethyl-undecane and n-propyl acetate have all been correlated with viral infection. Currently, the literature points to markers of oxidative stress (e.g. nitric oxide, aldehydes etc) being the most useful in the determination of viral infection. The issue, however, is that there are also many other conditions that can lead to oxidative stress markers being produced. In this review a range of (mainly mass spectrometric) methods are discussed for viral detection in breath, including breath condensate. Currently MALDI-ToF-MS is likely to be the preferred method for the identification of viral strains and variants of those strains, however it is limited by its need for the viral strains to have been sequenced and logged in a database.