Ecosystem service provision sets the pace for pre-Hispanic societal development in the central Andes
Ecosystem service provision sets the pace for pre-Hispanic societal development in the central Andes
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生态系统服务的提供确定了安第斯山脉中部前西班牙社会发展的步伐
DOI：
10.1177/0959683613496296
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发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Joseph J. Williams
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
W. Gosling;Joseph J. Williams
人类对自然资源的获取（或提供生态系统服务）受到气候条件和使用的控制。在安第斯山脉中部高地的喀喀湖周围，水和林地在过去5000年里一直是人类的重要资源。在这一时期，人类社会从移动的狩猎采集群体发展成为定居的农业人口（c。3400年前）到中部安第斯山脉的一些第一个“文明”的兴起（c. 2500年前）。过去的环境和植被变化的记录表明，与这些社会重组相一致的是水和林地资源的可用性的变化。在西班牙人到达中部安第斯山脉（公元1532年之前），自然资源的可用性的变化被证明是伴随着社会重组，然而，社会组织的变化不一定会导致生态系统服务（即林地资源）的退化。在过去的5000年里，在人类和生态系统中发现了三个伴随的重复适应性周期：不稳定、重组、增长和最大化。这表明，长期（>100年）的社会发展是由生态系统服务提供的增加和减少所决定的。过去社会处理基线资源可得性变化的方法可为决策者提供一个有用的模式，供其根据未来几十年资源稀缺的预测加以考虑。
Human access to natural resources (or provisioning ecosystem services) is controlled by climate conditions and usage. In the central Andean highlands, around Lake Titicaca, water and woodlands have been critical resources for human populations over the last 5000 years. During this time period, human society developed from mobile hunter–forager groups into settled agrarian populations (c. 3400 years ago) through to the rise of some of the first ‘civilizations’ in the central Andes (c. 2500 years ago). Records of past environmental and vegetation change reveal that coincident with these societal reorganizations were variations in the availability of water and woodland resource. Prior to Hispanic arrival in the central Andes (before ad 1532), changes in availability of natural resources are shown to be concomitant with societal reorganizations; however, changes in societal organization are shown not to necessarily result in the degradation of ecosystem services (i.e. woodland resource available). Through the last 5000 years, three concomitant repeated adaptive cycles of destabilization, reorganization, growth and maxima are identified in human and ecological systems. This suggests that long-term (>100 year) societal development was paced by both increases and decreases in ecosystem service provision. The approach of past societies to dealing with changes in baseline resource availability may provide a useful model for policymakers to consider in the light of the predicted scarcity of resource over the coming decades.