Proximity of schools in Detroit, Michigan to automobile and truck traffic
Proximity of schools in Detroit, Michigan to automobile and truck traffic
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DOI：
10.1038/sj.jes.7500484
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发表时间：
2006-09-01
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Batterman, Stuart A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wu, Yi-Chen;Batterman, Stuart A.
与交通相关的空气污染物的暴露与一系列不利的健康影响有关，通常使用间接代理或替代暴露措施来表示，最常见的是靠近忙碌道路。本研究探讨了K-12级学校的接近高交通道路在密歇根州韦恩县，该地区包括工业化城市底特律以及边远城市和郊区社区。与以往的研究不同，商业和非商业交通的区别，学校类型（公立，特许，私立），社会经济变量，人口因素和映射错误的影响进行了评估。我们发现，总的交通流量，衡量的年平均日交通量（AADT），并没有反映卡车和通勤路线之间的实质性差异。因此，单独使用AADT可能不足以捕获与交通相关的暴露，特别是考虑到柴油和汽油排放之间的巨大差异。根据距离（学校与道路的距离= 50，000），韦恩县845所学校中有4.9%的学校在学校面临交通风险。在城市核心区，有7.2%的学校和7.6%的学生在学校有交通暴露。公立学校7 - 12年级学生接触辐射的比例高于K-6学生。考虑到卡车排放，2.8%的学校距离道路150米以内，每天有5000辆或更多的卡车。在韦恩县，在交通繁忙的道路附近上学的学生更有可能是黑人或西班牙裔，更有可能参加膳食计划，并居住在贫困地区。其中许多结果是由底特律人口稠密的核心地区的大量少数民族人口推动的。研究结果表明，很大一部分儿童高度暴露于与交通有关的污染物，特别是在底特律，并且需要考虑交通组成和交通量的暴露措施。
Exposure to traffic-related air pollutants, which has been associated with a range of adverse health effects, often is represented using indirect proxies or surrogate exposure measures, most commonly, the proximity to busy roads. This study examines the proximity of grade K-12 schools to high traffic roads in Wayne County, Michigan, an area including the industrialized city of Detroit as well as outlying urban and suburban communities. Unlike earlier studies, commercial and non-commercial traffic is distinguished, and effects of school type (public, charter, private), socio-economic variables, demographic factors, and mapping errors are evaluated. We find that total traffic flow, as measured by annual average daily traffic (AADT), does not reflect the substantial differences between trucking and commuting routes. Thus, AADT alone may inadequately capture traffic-related exposures, especially given the large differences between diesel and gasoline emissions. Based on close proximity (school-road distance = 50,000), 4.9% of the 845 Wayne County schools are traffic exposed at school. In the urban core area, 7.2% of schools and 7.6% of students are traffic exposed at school. A larger proportion of grade 7-12 students in public schools are exposed than K-6 students. Considering truck emissions, 2.8% of the schools are within 150 m of roads with 5000 or more trucks per day. In Wayne County, students attending schools near high traffic roads are more likely to be Black or Hispanic, to be enrolled in a meal program, and to reside in a poor area. Many of these results are driven by the large minority population in the densely populated core area of Detroit. The findings show that a large fraction of children have high exposures to traffic-related pollutants, especially in Detroit, and the need for exposure measures that account for both the composition and volume of traffic.