Rich deciduous forests in Bialowieza as a dynamic mosaic of developmental phases: premises for nature conservation and restoration management
Rich deciduous forests in Bialowieza as a dynamic mosaic of developmental phases: premises for nature conservation and restoration management
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DOI：
10.1016/s0378-1127(99)00181-4
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发表时间：
2000-05-01
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Vlaanderen, B
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bobiec, A;van der Burgt, H;Vlaanderen, B
波兰的比亚洛维萨原始森林是欧洲温带地区唯一保存着大片天然森林群落的森林地区。森林镶嵌的概念[Oldeman，R.A.A.，1990.森林：森林学的要素。Springer，柏林]应用于描述代表橡树-石灰-角木森林的林分结构，包括比亚洛维萨国家公园（BNP）的限制区和商业林（CF），并指出保护和恢复自然区域的整体方法。前五个阶段之间的组成和结构差异也进行了评估和可视化。BNP和CF的相似时相之间存在较大的差异，均匀林分斑块在BNP中被映射为两个样地（各25公顷）和CF中的两个（25和20公顷），分辨率为10 mx 10 m像素。自然群落的镶嵌组成表明接近平衡阶段：最适生长期占总面积的33-40%，而生长较年轻的生长期与衰老期所占的面积几乎相同。虽然小，0.01-0.04公顷的生态单位占主导地位的BNP，有相当大的一部分的中间和大型补丁，表明一个复杂的字符的因素负责的镶嵌结构的天然林BNP。组成和质地分析表明，25公顷的面积接近于所研究的群落的最小结构面积，天然林和管理林的比较显示，最佳阶段的大赤字（仅19%）和管理区（天然林20-35%）的终端一个完全没有。由于管理单元大小的标准化，CF样地的镶嵌纹理也被简化。发展阶段，镶嵌组成和结构的修改必须导致整个社区的动态变化。本研究表明，天然林应被视为一个动态的超系统，覆盖足够的面积，让发展阶段，以正确的比例执行。由于各个阶段的持久性不同，森林发展的自然周期具有不同步和高度不可预测的特点。事实上，多用途林业规则作为自然保护工具的适用性受到质疑。绝对禁止砍伐残存的原始林分应是恢复管理的基本原则。(C)2000爱思唯尔科技有限公司。保留所有权利。
The Bialowieza Primeval Forest, Poland, is the only forest area in temperate Europe where large tracts of natural forest communities have been conserved. The concept of silvatic mosaic [Oldeman, R.A.A., 1990. Forests: Elements of Silvology. Springer, Berlin] was applied in order to characterise the structure of stands representing oak-lime-hornbeam forest in both, the restricted area of Bialowieza National Park (BNP) and the commercial forests (CF), as well as to indicate a holistic approach towards protection and restoration of natural areas.Six developmental phases of stands were distinguished and defined: regeneration, young, pole, late pole, optimal, and terminal. Compositional and structural differences between the first five phases were also evaluated and visualised. Moreover, the considerable differences between analogous phases in BNP and CF were found. The uniform stand patches were mapped into two plots in BNP (25 ha each) and two in CF (25 and 20 ha), with a resolution of 10 mx 10 m pixels.The mosaic composition of natural communities indicates close-to-the equilibrium stage: the biostatic optimal phase occupies 33-40% of the area, while aggradational younger phases share nearly the same portion of the area as the senescent phase does. Although small, 0.01-0.04 ha eco-units dominate in BNP, there is a considerable portion of intermediate and large patches, indicating a complex character of factors responsible for the mosaic structure of natural stands in BNP. Both, composition and texture analyses indicate that the area of 25 ha is close to the minimum structure area specific for the communities studied.The comparison of natural and managed stands revealed large deficits of the optimal phase (only 19%) and a total absence of the terminal one in the managed area (20-35% in natural forest). Also the mosaic texture of CF plots was simplified because of standardisation of the management unit size. The modification of developmental phases, mosaic composition, and structure must lead to changes in the dynamics of the entire community. The present study demonstrates that the natural forest should be considered as a dynamic supersystem, covering a sufficient area to allow the developmental phases to perform in correct proportions. Because of differences in the durability of various phases, the natural cycle of forest development has an asynchronous and highly unpredictable character. Indeed, the applicability of multipurpose forestry rules as a tool of nature conservation has been questioned. An absolute ban on cutting in the remaining old-growth stands should be a basic rule for the restoration management. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.