Bias from outcome misclassification in immunization schedule safety research.

Bias from outcome misclassification in immunization schedule safety research.
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DOI:
10.1002/pds.4374
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发表时间:
2018-03
影响因子:
2.6
通讯作者:
Glanz JM
Glanz JM
中科院分区:
医学4区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Newcomer SR;Kulldorff M;Xu S;Daley MF;Fireman B;Lewis E;Glanz JM

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医学研究所建议对儿童免疫计划的安全性进行观察性研究。此类研究可能会因结果错误分类而产生偏差,从而导致错误的推论。通过模拟,我们评估了 1) 结果阳性预测值 (PPV) 作为暴露-结果关联的偏差指标,以及 2) 用于偏差校正的定量偏差分析 (QBA)。模拟是根据拟议或正在进行的疫苗安全数据链研究进行的。我们使用概率模型模拟了 4 项研究,涉及 2 个暴露组(未接种疫苗或采用替代计划的儿童)和 2 个基线结果水平(100 和 1000/100,000 人年),以及 3 个相对风险 (RR) 水平(RR=0.50、1.00 和 2.00),并使用概率模型进行了 1,000 次重复。我们根据先前在数据库研究中测量的水平(敏感性> 95%;特异性> 99%)量化了非差异性和差异性结果错误分类的偏差。我们计算了 QBA 后的中位结果 PPV、中位观察到的 RR、1 型错误和偏差校正 RR。我们观察到 PPV 为 34%–98%。在非差异性错误分类和真实 RR=2.00 的情况下,中位偏倚接近零,其中严重偏倚(观察中位 RR=1.33)的 PPV=34%,中等偏倚(中位观察的 RR=1.83),PPV=83%。对于差异性错误分类,PPV 不反映中值偏差,并且 PPV=90% 时存在 100% 的 1 型错误。 QBA 在纠正错误分类偏差方面总体上是有效的。在免疫计划研究中,结果错误分类可能与暴露无关或有差异。总体结果 PPV 不反映按暴露情况的假阳性分布,并且是个别研究中不良偏差的指标。我们的结果支持 QBA 进行免疫接种安全研究。
The Institute of Medicine recommended conducting observational studies of childhood immunization schedule safety. Such studies could be biased by outcome misclassification, leading to incorrect inferences. Using simulations, we evaluated 1) outcome positive predictive values (PPVs) as indicators of bias of an exposure-outcome association, and 2) quantitative bias analyses (QBA) for bias correction. Simulations were conducted based on proposed or ongoing Vaccine Safety Datalink studies. We simulated 4 studies of 2 exposure groups (children with no vaccines or on alternative schedules) and 2 baseline outcome levels (100 and 1000/100,000 person-years), with 3 relative risk (RR) levels (RR=0.50, 1.00, and 2.00), across 1,000 replications using probabilistic modeling. We quantified bias from non-differential and differential outcome misclassification, based on levels previously measured in database research (sensitivity>95%; specificity>99%). We calculated median outcome PPVs, median observed RRs, Type 1 error, and bias-corrected RRs following QBA. We observed PPVs from 34%–98%. With non-differential misclassification and true RR=2.00, median bias was toward the null, with severe bias (median observed RR=1.33) with PPV=34% and modest bias (median observed RR=1.83) with PPV=83%. With differential misclassification, PPVs did not reflect median bias and there was Type 1 error of 100% with PPV=90%. QBA was generally effective in correcting misclassification bias. In immunization schedule studies, outcome misclassification may be non-differential or differential to exposure. Overall outcome PPVs do not reflect the distribution of false positives by exposure and are poor indicators of bias in individual studies. Our results support QBA for immunization schedule safety research.
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