DNA and the Fourth Amendment: Would a Defendant Succeed on a Challenge to a Familial DNA Search?
DNA and the Fourth Amendment: Would a Defendant Succeed on a Challenge to a Familial DNA Search?
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DNA 和第四修正案：被告能否成功挑战家族 DNA 搜索？
DOI：
10.1177/0098858819892746
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发表时间：
2019
影响因子：
0.6
通讯作者：
Elaine Ortyl
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Elaine Ortyl
一种新的脱氧核糖核酸（“DNA”）分析工具在执法机构中广受欢迎：家族 DNA 搜索。1 与典型的 DNA 测试不同，家族 DNA 搜索会比较 DNA 遗传片段（通过家族传承的遗传标记）的区域。因此，家族 DNA 搜索使执法机构能够从犯罪现场提取未知 DNA，并通过寻找遗传标记来找到潜在的家庭成员。最近，家族DNA成为人们关注的焦点，因为加州调查人员成功地利用家族DNA搜索破获了金州杀手悬案。2家族DNA搜索是一种相对较新的调查工具，因此州和联邦法院尚未对其合宪性做出裁决。然而，根据目前第四修正案的先例，最高法院很可能认为家族 DNA 搜索符合宪法。自 20 世纪 80 年代中期推出以来，DNA 检测已得到显着改善。3 曾经只能在最先进的实验室中使用的技术现在已可供公众使用。4 例如，23andMe 和 Ancestry.com 等公司向广大公众推销和销售 DNA 检测；一个人所要做的就是花费 99 美元购买一个套件，将唾液吐入试管中，然后将样本送到实验室。5 在分析 DNA 后，该公司会生成一份报告，告诉个人其祖先的起源。
A new Deoxyribonucleic Acid (“DNA”) analysis tool has gained popularity among law enforcement agencies: familial DNA searching.1 Unlike typical DNA testing, familial DNA searching compares areas of hereditary sections of DNA — genetic markers that are passed down through family lines. As a result, familial DNA searching allows law enforcement agencies to take unknown DNA from crime scenes and find potential family members by looking for hereditary markers. Recently, familial DNA has been in the spotlight because investigators in California successfully used familial DNA searching to solve the Golden State Killer cold case.2 Familial DNA searching is a relatively new investigative tool, therefore state and federal courts have not ruled on its constitutionality. However, based upon the current Fourth Amendment precedents, the Supreme Court is likely to find that familial DNA searching is constitutional. DNA testing has significantly improved since its introduction in the mid1980s.3 Technology that was once only available in the most advanced laboratories is now readily available to the public.4 For example, companies like 23andMe and Ancestry.com market and sell DNA tests to the public at large; all a person has to do is buy a kit for $99, spit into a tube, and send their sample to a lab.5 After analyzing the DNA, the company generates a report telling the individual the ancestral origins of their