Learned, instructed and observed pathways to fear and avoidance
Learned, instructed and observed pathways to fear and avoidance
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.06.003
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发表时间：
2016-03-01
影响因子：
1.8
通讯作者：
Dymond, Simon
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cameron, Gemma;Roche, Bryan;Dymond, Simon
背景和目的：条件恐惧可能出现在没有直接体验条件刺激（CS）和非条件刺激（US）配对的情况下。在这里，我们比较了避免美国的三种途径，这三种途径可以直接获得（即通过反复试验的工具学习）和间接获得（即通过口头指示和社会观察）。方法：在恐惧条件反射中，CS+与电击配对，CS不配对，三组独立的参与者通过直接经验学习（工具学习），指导（指导学习）或观察（观察学习）演示者进行回避反应，取消即将到来的美国（电击）演示。然后，各组通过直接体验CS+和CS，以及新CS（工具组和观察组）或指导CS（指导组）进行灭绝测试。结果：与工具性学习类似，结果表明，在没有直接学习的情况下，回避反应可以通过指示和社会观察获得，而回避反应可以阻止美国。回顾美国的预期评级是根据假设存在或不存在规避来调整的。总的来说，这些发现表明，人类的工具学习、指示学习和观察学习途径是相似的。局限性：可选择的实验设计将允许在没有恐惧条件反射经验的刺激路径之间进行直接比较，并且逐个试验的美国期望评级将有助于跟踪恐惧通过回避途径的调节。结论：回避的工具性、指导性和观察性学习途径是相似的。研究结果可能对理解焦虑的临床回避的病因有启示意义。(c) 2015 Elsevier Ltd.版权所有。
Background and objectives: Conditioned fear may emerge in the absence of directly experienced conditioned stimulus (CS) unconditioned stimulus (US) pairings. Here, we compared three pathways by which avoidance of the US may be acquired both directly (i.e., through trial-and-error instrumental learning) and indirectly (i.e., via verbal instructions and social observation).Methods: Following fear conditioning in which CS+ was paired with shock and CS was unpaired, three separate groups of participants learned by direct experience (Instrumental-learning), were instructed about (Instructed-learning), or observed (Observational-learning) a demonstrator performing an avoidance response that canceled upcoming US (shock) presentations. Groups were then tested in extinction with presentations of the directly experienced CS+ and CS, and either a novel CS (Instrumental and observational groups) or an instructed CS (instructed-group).Results: Similar to instrumental learning, results demonstrate that avoidance may be acquired via instructions and social observation in the absence of directly learning that an avoidance response prevents the US. Retrospective US expectancy ratings were modulated by the assumed presence or absence of avoidance. Overall, these findings suggest that instrumental-, instructed-, and observational-learning pathways to avoidance in humans are similar.Limitations: Alternative experimental designs would permit direct comparison between the pathways for stimuli with no prior experience of fear conditioning, and trial-by-trial US expectancy ratings would help track the modulation of fear by avoidance pathway.Conclusions: Instrumental-, instructed-, and observational-learning pathways of avoidance are similar. Findings may have implications for understanding the etiology of clinical avoidance in anxiety. (c) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.