Lead Exposure Assessment among Pregnant Women, Newborns, and Children: Case Study from Karachi, Pakistan.
Lead Exposure Assessment among Pregnant Women, Newborns, and Children: Case Study from Karachi, Pakistan.
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DOI：
10.3390/ijerph14040413
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发表时间：
2017-04-13
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Kayama F
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Fatmi Z;Sahito A;Ikegami A;Mizuno A;Cui X;Mise N;Takagi M;Kobayashi Y;Kayama F
汽油中的铅（Pb）在发达国家已被禁止。尽管自2001年以来对汽油中的铅进行了控制，但据报道，巴基斯坦孕妇和儿童血液中的铅含量很高。然而，由于铅的普遍性，其来源的识别一直是难以捉摸的。在这项研究中，我们评估了孕妇和一至三岁儿童从食物、水、室内灰尘、可吸入灰尘和土壤中的铅摄入量。此外，我们完成了指纹的铅同位素比值（LIR）的汽油和二手来源（食品，室内灰尘，呼吸性粉尘，土壤，surma（眼部化妆品））的孕妇，新生儿和儿童的血液中的暴露。从60个家庭中选择8个家庭，高（~50 μg/dL），中（~20 μg/dL）和低血液水平（~10 μg/dL）。儿童接触铅的主要来源是食物和室内灰尘，孕妇接触铅的主要来源是土壤、可吸入灰尘和食物。通过电感耦合等离子体四极杆质谱法（ICP-QMS）测定LIR，2 σ不确定度为± 0.03%。母亲和新生儿的LIR相似。相比之下，surma，并在更大程度上汽油，表现出可以忽略不计的贡献，孩子和母亲的血液铅。家庭湿拖可以有效地减少铅暴露。其他发展中国家也可采用这一摄入量评估，以确定铅的来源和人口中铅接触的负担。
Lead (Pb) in petrol has been banned in developed countries. Despite the control of Pb in petrol since 2001, high levels were reported in the blood of pregnant women and children in Pakistan. However, the identification of sources of Pb has been elusive due to its pervasiveness. In this study, we assessed the lead intake of pregnant women and one- to three-year-old children from food, water, house dust, respirable dust, and soil. In addition, we completed the fingerprinting of the Pb isotopic ratios (LIR) of petrol and secondary sources (food, house-dust, respirable dust, soil, surma (eye cosmetics)) of exposure within the blood of pregnant women, newborns, and children. Eight families, with high (~50 μg/dL), medium (~20 μg/dL), and low blood levels (~10 μg/dL), were selected from 60 families. The main sources of exposure to lead for children were food and house-dust, and those for pregnant women were soil, respirable dust, and food. LIR was determined by inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry (ICP-QMS) with a two sigma uncertainty of ±0.03%. The LIR of mothers and newborns was similar. In contrast, surma, and to a larger extent petrol, exhibited a negligible contribution to both the child’s and mother’s blood Pb. Household wet-mopping could be effective in reducing Pb exposure. This intake assessment could be replicated for other developing countries to identify sources of lead and the burden of lead exposure in the population.