Pattern Recognition Receptors and Liver Failure.
Pattern Recognition Receptors and Liver Failure.
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模式识别受体和肝衰竭。
DOI：
10.1615/critrevimmunol.2019031012
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发表时间：
2019
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
Lu Mengji
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wu Jun;Han Meihong;Li Jia;Yang Xiaoli;Zhen Xin;Schlaak Joerg Friedrich;Yang Dongliang;Lu Mengji
肝衰竭是一种病因多、发病机制复杂、临床表现多样、病死率极高的临床综合征。目前尚无有效的治疗方法。肝衰竭的主要病理过程包括病毒或药物引起的肝实质和非实质细胞的直接损伤、免疫介导的间接损伤、炎症和缺血缺氧损伤，这些损伤进一步加重肝损伤并导致内毒素血症。在这些原因中，病毒或细菌成分（称为病原体相关和损伤相关分子模式）在组织损伤和细胞死亡期间释放，并且可以被模式识别受体（PRR）识别以诱导炎性细胞因子和趋化因子的分泌并激活免疫细胞。这一过程是肝衰竭进展的重要机制。关于PRR信号通路在肝衰竭中的作用的研究预计将导致免疫调节药物的开发，以靶向特定的疾病阶段、免疫细胞和信号转导分子。本文简要介绍了6种主要PRRs（Toll样受体、核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体、维甲酸诱导基因I样受体、胞浆DNA传感器、C型凝集素受体和炎性小体）在急性肝衰竭和慢加急性肝衰竭中的研究现状，并探讨了进一步的研究方向。
Liver failure is a clinical syndrome with many causes, a complicated pathogenesis, diverse clinical manifestations, and very high mortality. No effective treatment is yet available. Main pathological processes of liver failure include direct damage to parenchymal and nonparenchymal liver cells that might be caused by viruses or drugs, immune-mediated indirect damage, inflammation, and ischemia-hypoxia injury that further strengthen liver damage and lead to endotoxemia. Among these causes, viral or bacterial components (called pathogen-associated and damage-associated molecular patterns) are released during tissue damage and cell death and may be recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to induce secretion of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and activate immune cells. This process is an important mechanism that underlies the progression of liver failure. Research concerning the roles of PRR signaling pathways in liver failure is expected to result in development of immunomodulatory drugs to target specific disease stages, immune cells, and signal transduction molecules. This article briefly introduces the research status of six main PRRs (Toll-like receptors, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors, retinoic-acid-inducible gene I-like receptors, cytosolic DNA sensors, C-type lectin receptors, and inflammasomes) in acute liver failure and acute-on-chronic liver failure and explores further research directions.