Machiavellian Intelligence II: Minding the behaviour of deception
Machiavellian Intelligence II: Minding the behaviour of deception
复制标题
马基雅维利情报 II：注意欺骗行为
DOI：
10.1017/cbo9780511525636.006
复制
发表时间：
1997
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
M. Hauser
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Hauser
在激情的痛苦中，西拉诺·德·贝杰拉克为克里斯蒂安提供了一套精心设计的线条，旨在俘获罗克珊的心。西拉诺的行为显然具有欺骗性。克里斯蒂安知道他在欺骗，但不知道西拉诺明显的慷慨行为的基础。还有罗克珊，她相信英俊的基督徒有诗意的精神，能够编织出打动人心的诗句。当然，她是被骗了。那么，在一场三元互动中，我们看到西哈诺故意欺骗，并根据他对克里斯蒂安和罗克珊的信仰和愿望的了解而这样做。我们有一个基督徒，他通过隐瞒自己缺乏口才的信息来进行欺骗，并通过让罗克珊相信从他嘴里说出的话是来自内心的真实灵感来积极伪造信息。罗克珊是我们容易上当受骗的接受者，她被克里斯蒂安的仿制品表演迷住了。人类一直在表演如此复杂的心理杂技，至少对于那些年龄超过 4 岁并且所有物种典型的神经功能都完好无损的人类来说是这样。考虑非人类动物也有类似的能力来撒谎、欺骗和向其他群体成员隐瞒有价值的信息，这是否合理？在本章中，我希望在回答这个问题的过程中至少完成三件事。首先，我将讨论几个概念问题，这些问题与思考欺骗行为的起源和随后的演变以及欺骗的心理能力相关。其次，我将回顾一下目前对非人类动物欺骗的了解。这篇评论将是高度选择性的，因为我将把我的讨论限制在自然条件下观察到的欺骗案例，
In the pain of his passion, Cyrano de Bergerac fed Christian a suite of elegantly crafted lines designed to capture Roxanne's heart. Cyrano's act was clearly deceptive. Christian knew that he was being deceptive, but did not know the basis for Cyrano's apparent act of generosity. And then there is Roxanne, who believes that the handsome Christian is a poetic spirit able to weave verse that strikes at the heart. She is, of course, deceived. Here then, in one triadic interaction, we have Cyrano who knowingly deceives and does so on the basis of his knowledge of what Christian and Roxanne believe and desire. We have Christian who deceives by both withholding information about his lack of eloquence and actively falsifies information by making Roxanne believe that what emerges from his lips are true inspirations from the heart. And Roxanne is our gullible recipient, swept off her feet by Christian's ersatz performance. Humans perform such complex mental acrobatics all the time, at least those humans who are over the age of about 4 years old and have all of their species-typical neural faculties intact. Is it even reasonable to contemplate the possibility that non-human animals are similarly endowed, to lie, cheat and conceal valuable information from other group members? In this chapter, I wish to accomplish at least three things along the way to answering this question. Firstly, I will discuss several conceptual issues that are relevant to thinking about the origins and subsequent evolution of not only deceptive behaviour, but a mental capacity for deception. Secondly, I will review what is currently known about deception in nonhuman animals. This review will be highly selective for I will restrict my discussion to cases of deception observed under natural conditions,