Inaccessible Justice: Human Rights, Persons with Disabilities and the Legal System
Inaccessible Justice: Human Rights, Persons with Disabilities and the Legal System
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伸手可及的正义：人权、残疾人和法律制度
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发表时间：
2011
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通讯作者：
Stephanie Ortoleva
中科院分区：
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作者：
Stephanie Ortoleva
本文件重点阐述了诉诸司法的重要概念及其对残疾人的意义。第二部分探讨了《联合国残疾人权利公约》（CRPD）如何规定提高对向残疾人提供司法救助的要求的认识。第二部分试图回答什么是司法救助以及为什么司法救助对残疾人很重要的问题。“诉诸司法”是一个广泛的概念，包括人们有效利用司法行政中使用的系统、程序、信息和地点。残疾人往往被剥夺在法院、法庭、执法人员、监狱系统和构成本国司法系统的其他机构获得公正和平等待遇的机会，因为他们面临障碍。此外，残疾人在获得律师、法官和司法系统其他官员的职位方面受到歧视。这些障碍不仅限制了残疾人利用司法系统的能力，也限制了他们为社会和整个社区的司法作出贡献的能力。《残疾人权利公约》第十三条列举了这项重要权利，第三部分概述了发展这项权利的法律的框架。A分节探讨了《残疾人权利公约》规定的权利。B小节概述了其他国际公约中的类似权利，C小节对区域条约作了类似分析。诉诸司法的权利是所有人权条约所固有的。各条约委员会对具体条款的引用和对这些条款的解释，为联合国残疾人权利委员会（CRPD委员会）和其他国际机构在《残疾人权利公约》第十三条中制定这一权利的表述提供了指导。各条约委员会还为《残疾人权利公约》缔约国执行其条款提供指导。第四部分着重指出了剥夺残疾人诉诸司法机会的具体领域。A分节述及拒绝将残疾人作为寻求了解或寻求获得有关司法系统如何运作的信息的人。分部分B探讨了拒绝为倡导残疾人权利的残疾人组织伸张正义的问题。C分节述及残疾人作为客户一般面临的障碍。D小节探讨了将残疾人排除在律师职位之外的问题。E小节记录了目前将残疾人排除在陪审员之外的情况。F小节探讨了进入法院的障碍。G分节列举了残疾人作为刑事被告和囚犯所面临的情况，H分节概述了犯罪受害者所面临的问题，第五部分简要概述了将残疾问题纳入法治和司法改革方案的一些常见障碍。国际捐助者和执行伙伴开展的法治和司法改革方案拟订工作往往涉及司法救助问题。令人遗憾的是，尽管《残疾人权利公约》和捐助方自己的准则中规定了这样做的任务，但许多方案在设计方案时忽视了残疾人的利益。这些建议分为几类：A分节讨论了法律的分析、研究和机构改革; B分节强调了培训法官、律师和其他司法专业人员的作用; C分节描述了可能增加残疾法官和律师人数的方法; D分节涉及残疾人和残疾人组织在这方面的作用; E分节描述了刑事司法系统需要进行的改革; F分节探讨了社区教育和提高认识的技术; G分节概述了实际诉诸法院和法庭这一基本要素的改革。第七部分提出了结论和今后的建议，重点是《残疾人权利公约》委员会、缔约国以及残疾人和残疾人组织的作用。
This paper focuses on the important concept of access to justice and what it means to persons with disabilities. It also addresses how the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) provides for awareness of the requirements to provide access to justice for persons with disabilities.Part II seeks to answer the question of what is access to justice and why it is important for persons with disabilities. “Access to Justice” is a broad concept, encompassing peoples’ effective access to the systems, procedures, information, and locations used in the administration of justice. Persons with disabilities have often been denied access to fair and equal treatment before courts, tribunals, law enforcement officials, prison systems, and other bodies that make up the justice system in their country, because they have faced barriers. Additionally, persons with disabilities have been discriminated against in terms of attaining positions as lawyers, judges, and other officials in the justice system. Such barriers not only limit the ability of persons with disabilities to use the justice system, but also limit their ability to contribute to the administration of justice to society and to the community as a whole. This important right is enumerated in Article 13 of the CRPD.Part III outlines the legal framework in which this right is developed. Subpart A explores the right under the CRPD. Subpart B outlines the comparable right in other international conventions and Subpart C makes a similar analysis under regional treaties. The right of access to justice is intrinsic to all human rights treaties. The citations to specific provisions and the interpretations of these provisions by the various treaty Committees provides guidance on the development of a formulation of this right in Article 13 of the CRPD by the United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD Committee), and other international bodies. The various treaty Committees also provide guidance for States Parties to the CRPD as they implement its provisions.Part IV highlights specific areas of denials of access to justice for persons with disabilities. Subpart A addresses the denials to persons with disabilities as people who seek to learn about or seek to obtain information about how the justice system works. Subpart B explores denials of justice to Disabled People’s Organizations (DPOs) advocating for disability rights. Subpart C addresses the barriers persons with disabilities face as clients generally. Subpart D explores the exclusion of persons with disabilities from positions as lawyers. Subpart E documents the ongoing exclusion of persons with disabilities as jurors. Subpart F explores the barriers to access to the courthouse. Subpart G enumerates the situations persons with disabilities face as criminal defendants and prisoners, and Subpart H outlines the problems confronted by those who are victims of crime.Part V briefly outlines some common barriers to disability inclusion in rule of law and justice reform programming. Access to justice is often addressed in rule of law and justice reform programming conducted by international donors and implementing partners. Regrettably, many of these programs ignore the interests of persons with disabilities in designing their programs, despite the mandate to do otherwise, as contained in the CRPD and in the donors’ own guidelines.Part VI outlines effective strategies for achieving inclusion of disabled persons in rule of law and justice reform programming. These suggestions are detailed in several categories: Subpart A discusses legal analysis, research and institution reform; Subpart B emphasizes the role of training judges, lawyers, and other justice professionals; Subpart C describes the methods that might increase the number of judges and lawyers with disabilities; Subpart D relates to the role of Disabled Persons and DPOs in such efforts; Subpart E describes needed reforms in the criminal justice system; Subpart F explores techniques for community education and awareness; and Subpart G outlines reforms in the essential element of physical access to courts and judicial tribunals. Part VII sets forth conclusions and recommendations moving forward, with a focus on the roles of the CRPD committee, States Parties, and disabled persons and DPOs.