Stable Isotopes in Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Vent fluids, hydrothermal deposits, hydrothermal alteration, and microbial processes
Stable Isotopes in Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Vent fluids, hydrothermal deposits, hydrothermal alteration, and microbial processes
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DOI：
10.2138/gsrmg.43.1.469
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发表时间：
2001
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
W. Shanks
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
W. Shanks
认识到海底丰富而广泛的热液活动和相关的独特生命形式是二十世纪下半叶的重大科学发现之一。对海底热液过程的研究导致了对以下方面的认识的革命：洋壳的流体对流和冷却、海洋的化学和同位素物质平衡、层状和富含硫化物的块状矿床的起源、绿岩和蛇纹岩的起源以及海底下生物圈的潜在重要性。从现代海底勘探时代开始，稳定同位素地球化学就一直是一个关键和决定性的工具。关于海底可能的热液活动的早期建议可以追溯到1950年代末，当时一些调查人员正在辩论“火山喷发”的重要性，认为这是海底广泛出现锰结核和其他氧化铁锰矿床的一个因素。Arrhenius和Bonatti(1965)在他们的经典论文《大洋中的火山作用和海王星作用》中指出：“海底自生矿物的起源过去得到了广泛的讨论，重点是两个主要过程：来自海底喷发的溶液的降水，以及源于大陆岩石风化的溶解元素在海水中的缓慢降水。结论是，在几个海洋自生矿物系统中，这些过程是重叠的。在另一部经典著作中，Bostrom和Peterson(1966年)发表了海底广泛和广泛的富铁金属沉积物的证据，其分布与大洋中脊密切相关(图1⇓)。他们表示：图1.分叉板块边缘富含(Al+Fe+Mn)/Al的金属表层沉积物的分布(经Bostrom等人修改)。1969年)。经美国地球物理联合会许可使用。在东太平洋隆起的顶端，在赤道纬度，特别是12°至16°S，沉积物富含…
The recognition of abundant and widespread hydrothermal activity and associated unique life-forms on the ocean floor is one of the great scientific discoveries of the latter half of the twentieth century. Studies of seafloor hydrothermal processes have led to revolutions in understanding fluid convection and the cooling of the ocean crust, the chemical and isotopic mass balance of the oceans, the origin of stratiform and statabound massive-sulfide ore-deposits, the origin of greenstones and serpentinites, and the potential importance of the subseafloor biosphere. Stable isotope geochemistry has been a critical and definitive tool from the very beginning of the modern era of seafloor exploration. Early suggestions of possible submarine hydrothermal activity date from the late 1950s when a number of investigators were debating the importance of “volcanic emanations” as a factor in the widespread occurrence of manganese nodules and other ferromanganese oxide deposits on the seafloor. Arrhenius and Bonatti (1965), in their classic paper, Vulcanism and Neptunism in the Oceans, stated the following: “The origin of authigenic minerals on the ocean floor has been extensively discussed in the past with emphasis on two major processes; precipitation from solutions originating from submarine eruptions, and slow precipitation from sea water of dissolved elements, originating from weathering of continental rocks. It is concluded that in several marine authigenic mineral systems these processes overlap.” Bostrom and Peterson (1966), in another classic, published evidence for extensive and widespread Fe-rich metalliferous sediments on the seafloor with a distribution strongly correlated with the mid-ocean ridges (Fig. 1⇓). They stated: Figure 1. Distribution of metalliferous surficial sediments, enriched in (Al+Fe+Mn)/Al, around divergent plate margin (modified after Bostrom et al. 1969). Used with permission of the American Geophysical Union. “On the very crest of the East Pacific Rise, in equatorial latitudes--particularly 12° to 16°S, the sediments are enriched in …