The reinforcing effects of nicotine and stimulant medication in the everyday lives of adult smokers with ADHD: A preliminary examination
The reinforcing effects of nicotine and stimulant medication in the everyday lives of adult smokers with ADHD: A preliminary examination
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DOI：
10.1080/14622200500431619
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发表时间：
2006-02-01
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Steinhoff, K
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gehricke, JG;Whalen, CK;Steinhoff, K
虽然一般人群的吸烟率正在下降，但被诊断患有注意力缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）的人群的吸烟率却持续上升。先前的研究表明，尼古丁可以改善注意力和情绪，这表明尼古丁可能有助于改善与多动症相关的注意力和情绪问题。本研究调查了尼古丁在使用或不使用兴奋剂药物的情况下对 ADHD 吸烟者日常生活中 ADHD 症状、情绪和觉醒的影响。共有 10 名患有多动症的吸烟者正在接受兴奋剂药物治疗，并被要求在参与这项研究时戒烟。参与者按随机顺序接受四种条件：（a）尼古丁贴片+兴奋剂药物，（b）仅尼古丁贴片，（c）安慰剂贴片+兴奋剂药物，以及（d）仅安慰剂贴片。每种情况持续 2 天，在此期间使用电子日记获得 ADHD 症状和情绪的自我报告。轻型动态监测仪记录每次日记的心血管活动。通过呼出一氧化碳和唾液可替宁分析来验证戒烟情况。结果表明，与仅使用安慰剂贴片相比，尼古丁贴片和兴奋剂药物单独或联合使用可减少注意力集中困难和核心多动症症状。主要在第一天使用尼古丁贴片，在急躁和自我控制方面出现了临界改善。与安慰剂贴片相比，尼古丁贴片在第二天也往往会升高收缩压和舒张压。研究结果表明，患有注意力缺陷多动症的吸烟者在日常生活中会经历与尼古丁相关的注意力缺陷多动症症状的减轻。
Whereas the smoking prevalence rates in the general population are declining, rates among people diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) continue to be elevated. Previous research has shown that nicotine may improve attention and mood, suggesting that nicotine may help ameliorate the attentional and emotional problems associated with ADHD. The present study examined the effects of nicotine with and without stimulant medication on ADHD symptoms, moods, and arousal in the everyday lives of smokers with ADHD. A total of 10 smokers with ADHD who were being treated with stimulant medication were asked to abstain from smoking while participating in the study. Participants underwent four conditions in randomized order: (a) Nicotine patch+stimulant medication, (b) nicotine patch only, (c) placebo patch+stimulant medication, and (d) placebo patch only. Each condition continued for 2 days, during which self-reports of ADHD symptoms and moods were obtained using electronic diaries. Lightweight ambulatory monitors recorded cardiovascular activity at each diary entry. Smoking abstinence was verified by expired carbon monoxide and salivary cotinine analysis. Results showed that nicotine patches and stimulant medication alone and in combination reduced difficulty concentrating and core ADHD symptoms compared with placebo patch only. Borderline improvement in impatience and self-control was seen with nicotine patch administration primarily on day 1. Nicotine patches also tended to elevate systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared with placebo patch during day 2. The findings suggest that smokers with ADHD experience nicotine-related reductions in ADHD symptoms during their everyday lives.