Antimicrobial Resistance in Mycoplasma spp.
Antimicrobial Resistance in Mycoplasma spp.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1128/microbiolspec.arba-0030-2018
复制
发表时间：
2018-07-01
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Gautier-Bouchardon, Anne V.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gautier-Bouchardon, Anne V.
支原体对针对细胞壁的抗菌素(磷霉素、糖肽或β-内酰胺类抗生素)以及磺胺类、第一代喹诺酮类、甲氧匹林、混合制剂和利福平具有固有的耐药性。最常用于控制动物支原体感染的抗生素是大环内酯类和四环素类。林可酰胺、氟喹诺酮类、胸腺多糖、苯尼酚和氨基糖苷类药物也具有活性。由于没有质量控制菌株，而且由于特定物种的生长要求，很难对用于确定敏感性水平的方法进行标准化。据报道，在具有主要兽医价值的致病支原体种类的野外分离株中，对几种抗菌剂的敏感性水平降低或抗药性降低：家禽中的鸡毒支原体和滑膜支原体；猪中的猪肺炎支原体、猪支原体和猪分支杆菌；牛中的牛分支杆菌；以及小型反刍动物中的无乳支原体。耐药性最高的是大环内酯类，其次是四环素类。大多数菌株对氟喹诺酮类药物仍然敏感。在体外，胸膜多糖是最有效的抗生素。抗药性频率因支原体种类而异，也因采集样本的国家或动物群体而异。不同抗菌剂靶基因的点突变已在耐药现场分离株、体外选择的突变株或经一种或多种治疗后重新分离的菌株中被鉴定：DNA旋转酶和拓扑异构酶IV用于氟喹诺酮类药物；23S rRNA用于大环内酯类、林可酰胺、胸苷和阿霉素；16S rRNA用于四环素类和氨基糖苷类药物。应该开展进一步的工作来确定和协调动物支原体的特定断裂点，以便体外信息可以用来为体内治疗的选择提供建议。
Mycoplasmas are intrinsically resistant to antimicrobials targeting the cell wall (fosfomycin, glycopeptides, or beta-lactam antibiotics) and to sulfonamides, first-generation quinolones, trimethoprim, polymixins, and rifampicin. The antibiotics most frequently used to control mycoplasmal infections in animals are macrolides and tetracyclines. Lincosamides, fluoroquinolones, pleuromutilins, phenicols, and aminoglycosides can also be active. Standardization of methods used for determination of susceptibility levels is difficult since no quality control strains are available and because of species-specific growth requirements. Reduced susceptibility levels or resistances to several families of antimicrobials have been reported in field isolates of pathogenic Mycoplasma species of major veterinary interest: M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae in poultry; M. hyopneumoniae, M. hyorhinis, and M. hyosynoviae in swine; M. bovis in cattle; and M. agalactiae in small ruminants. The highest resistances are observed for macrolides, followed by tetracyclines. Most strains remain susceptible to fluoroquinolones. Pleuromutilins are the most effective antibiotics in vitro. Resistance frequencies vary according to the Mycoplasma species but also according to the countries or groups of animals from which the samples were taken. Point mutations in the target genes of different antimicrobials have been identified in resistant field isolates, in vitro-selected mutants, or strains reisolated after an experimental infection followed by one or several treatments: DNA-gyrase and topoisomerase IV for fluoroquinolones; 23S rRNA for macrolides, lincosamides, pleuromutilins, and amphenicols; 16S rRNAs for tetracyclines and aminoglycosides. Further work should be carried out to determine and harmonize specific breakpoints for animal mycoplasmas so that in vitro information can be used to provide advice on selection of in vivo treatments.