Lead, mercury, and arsenic in US- and Indian-manufactured Ayurvedic medicines sold via the Internet.
Lead, mercury, and arsenic in US- and Indian-manufactured Ayurvedic medicines sold via the Internet.
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通过互联网销售的美国和印度制造的阿育吠陀药物中含有铅、汞和砷。
DOI：
10.1001/jama.300.8.915
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发表时间：
2008-08-27
影响因子：
120.7
通讯作者：
Kales, Stefanos N.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Saper, Robert B.;Phillips, Russell S.;Sehgal, Anusha;Khouri, Nadia;Davis, Roger B.;Paquin, Janet;Thuppil, Venkatesh;Kales, Stefanos N.
铅、汞和砷在印度生产的传统阿育吠陀药物中被检测到的比例相当大。金属可能是由于rasa shastra（将草药与金属、矿物和宝石结合）的实践而出现的。目前尚不清楚美国和印度生产的阿育吠陀药物中是否含有有毒金属。确定通过互联网可获得的含有可检测铅、汞或砷的阿育吠陀药物的流行程度，并比较美国和印度制造的药物以及rasa shastra和非rasa shastra药物中有毒金属的流行程度。使用5个互联网搜索引擎和搜索词“阿育吠陀”和“阿育吠陀医学”进行搜索，发现有25个网站提供传统的阿育吠陀草药、配方或阿育吠陀常用成分，表明可口服使用，并可供销售。从673种经鉴定的产品中，随机抽取230种阿育吠陀药物于2005年8月至10月购买。记录了制造商/网站供应商的国家/地区、rasa shastra状态和良好生产规范的声明。用x射线荧光光谱法测定金属浓度。在整个样本中含有可检测到的有毒金属的药物的流行率，并按生产国和rasa shastra状态分层。收到并分析了230种要求的药物中的193种。含金属产品的患病率为20.7%（95%可信区间[CI]， 15.2%-27.1%）。美国制造的产品中金属的患病率为21.7% (95% CI, 14.6%-30.4%)，而印度产品中金属的患病率为19.5% (95% CI, 11.3%-30.1%) （P= 0.86）。与非Rasa shastra药物相比，Rasa shastra药物的金属患病率更高（40.6%比17.1%，P= 0.007），铅（11.5 μg/g比7.0 μg/g， P= 0.03）和汞（20800 μg/g比34.5 μg/g， P= 0.04）的中位浓度更高。在含金属产品中，95%是在美国网站上销售的，75%的产品声称符合良好生产规范。所有含金属产品均超过有毒金属每日可接受摄入量的一项或多项标准。通过互联网购买的美国制造和印度制造的阿育吠陀药物中，有五分之一含有可检测到的铅、汞或砷。
Lead, mercury, and arsenic have been detected in a substantial proportion of Indian-manufactured traditional Ayurvedic medicines. Metals may be present due to the practice of rasa shastra (combining herbs with metals, minerals, and gems). Whether toxic metals are present in both US- and Indian-manufactured Ayurvedic medicines is unknown. To determine the prevalence of Ayurvedic medicines available via the Internet containing detectable lead, mercury, or arsenic and to compare the prevalence of toxic metals in US- vs Indian-manufactured medicines and between rasa shastra and non–rasa shastra medicines. A search using 5 Internet search engines and the search terms Ayurveda and Ayurvedic medicine identified 25 Web sites offering traditional Ayurvedic herbs, formulas, or ingredients commonly used in Ayurveda, indicated for oral use, and available for sale. From 673 identified products, 230 Ayurvedic medicines were randomly selected for purchase in August–October 2005. Country of manufacturer/Web site supplier, rasa shastra status, and claims of Good Manufacturing Practices were recorded. Metal concentrations were measured using x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Prevalence of medicines with detectable toxic metals in the entire sample and stratified by country of manufacture and rasa shastra status. One hundred ninety-three of the 230 requested medicines were received and analyzed. The prevalence of metal-containing products was 20.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 15.2%–27.1%). The prevalence of metals in US-manufactured products was 21.7% (95% CI, 14.6%–30.4%) compared with 19.5% (95% CI, 11.3%–30.1%) in Indian products (P=.86). Rasa shastra compared with non–rasa shastra medicines had a greater prevalence of metals (40.6% vs 17.1%; P=.007) and higher median concentrations of lead (11.5 μg/g vs 7.0 μg/g; P=.03) and mercury (20 800 μg/g vs 34.5 μg/g; P=.04). Among the metal-containing products, 95% were sold by US Web sites and 75% claimed Good Manufacturing Practices. All metal-containing products exceeded 1 or more standards for acceptable daily intake of toxic metals. One-fifth of both US-manufactured and Indian-manufactured Ayurvedic medicines purchased via the Internet contain detectable lead, mercury, or arsenic.
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DOI：
10.1080/00039890209602941
发表时间：
2002-05-01
期刊：
ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
影响因子：
--
作者：
Dwivedi, SK;Dey, S
通讯作者：
Dey, S
影响因子：
120.7
作者：
Morris, CA;Avorn, J
通讯作者：
Avorn, J
影响因子：
6.1
作者：
Dolan, SP;Nortrup, DA;Capar, SG
通讯作者：
Capar, SG
影响因子：
2.9
作者：
Ernst, E
通讯作者：
Ernst, E
影响因子：
6.1
作者：
Raman, P;Patino, LC;Nair, MG
通讯作者：
Nair, MG