Cooperation between hearing and vision in people with cochlear implants.
Cooperation between hearing and vision in people with cochlear implants.
复制标题
人工耳蜗植入者的听力和视觉之间的配合。
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1712810114
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发表时间：
2017
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Wallace,MarkT
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Wallace,MarkT
人工耳蜗（CI）是当今最成功的神经假体设备，通常可以恢复许多深度耳聋患者的功能性听力（1）。与用于放大环境声音的传统助听器不同，CI绕过了转换过程，并向内耳的神经纤维提供直接电信号。因此，CI的候选人是那些耳聋是由于耳蜗本身的敏感转导机制受损的人，耳蜗本身的敏感转导机制用于将声能转换为传输到大脑的电脉冲。CI包括捕捉声音的麦克风（并且通常位于耳垂后面），选择性地过滤和放大这些声音的信号处理器，将这些过滤的声音转换为电脉冲的发射器，以及植入耳蜗并将这些脉冲传递到神经纤维的电极阵列。虽然CI现在已经使用了50多年，我们对人工耳蜗植入后大脑如何重组的理解仍处于起步阶段。这部分是由于植入前大脑组织的显著差异，其中大脑的听觉区域根据早期听觉体验的性质（以及取决于遗传因素等）而不同地发展。毫无疑问，部分原因也是大脑对新设备的反应方式存在差异，其中包括年龄、年龄、耳聋程度、手术细节等因素，以及植入物中的每一个都可能做出贡献。然而，在我们的知识中，这一差距的一个主要组成部分是技术上的，因为CI患者不符合标准成像程序，如功能性磁共振成像（fMRI），由于该设备的植入电子设备。新成像方式的最新进展开始规避这一限制，功能性近红外光谱（fNIRS）是一个越来越重要的工具，用于索引配备CI的人的大脑可塑性。与功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）不同，它依赖于强大的磁铁来可视化血液动力学的变化（以及大脑活动的间接变化），fNIRS使用光学（光）技术来成像这些相同的信号。
The cochlear implant (CI) is the single most successful neuroprosthetic device available today, often restoring functional hearing in many of those who were profoundly deaf (1). Unlike traditional hearing aids that serve to amplify ambient sound, the CI bypasses the transduction process and provides direct electrical signals to the nerve fibers of the inner ear. Consequently, candidates for the CI are those whose deafness is a result of damage to the sensitive transduction machinery of the cochlea itself, which serves to convert sound energy into electrical impulses that are transmitted to the brain. The CI comprises a microphone that captures sounds (and that often sits behind the earlobe), a signal processer that selectively filters and amplifies these sounds, a transmitter that converts these filtered sounds into electrical impulses, and an electrode array that is implanted into the cochlea and that delivers these impulses to the nerve fibers.Although the CI has now been used for over 50 y, our understanding of how the brain reorganizes following CI implantation remains in its infancy. Part of this is a result of striking differences in brain organization before implantation, where auditory areas of the brain have developed differently depending upon the nature of early auditory experience (and dependent upon genetic factors, among others). Part of this is undoubtedly also a result of differences in how the brain responds to the new device, with factors such as age, years, and degree of deafness, and specifics of the surgery, and implant each likely to contribute. However, a major component of this gap in our knowledge is a technical one, in that CI patients are not eligible for standard imaging procedures, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), due to the implanted electronics of the device. Recent advances in new imaging modalities are beginning to circumvent this limitation, with functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) representing an increasingly important tool for indexing brain plasticity in people outfitted with CIs. As opposed to fMRI, which relies on powerful magnets to visualize changes in hemodynamics (and indirectly changes in brain activity), fNIRS uses optical (light) technology to image these same signals.