Objectification
Objectification
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1088-4963.1995.tb00032.x
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发表时间：
1995-09-01
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Nussbaum, MC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Nussbaum, MC
此外，女权主义思想通常将男性对女性的性客观化描述为女性生活中的一个不是微不足道而是核心的问题，并将对此的反对视为女权主义政治的核心。对于凯瑟琳·麦金农来说，“女性对性客观化的亲密体验...是女性作为性别女性的生活的明确和同义词。3据说它产生了一种女性“只能将自我作为事物来把握”的存在。4此外，在麦金农看来，这种有害的经历是不可避免的。在一个最引人注目的比喻中，她说：“所有女性都生活在性物化中，就像鱼生活在水中一样”--意思大概是，不仅物化围绕着女性，而且她们已经变得如此，以至于她们从性物化中获得了营养和食物。但女性并不是鱼，对麦金农来说，客观化是不好的，因为它切断了女性的充分自我表达和自我决定--实际上是切断了她们的人性。但也可以以更积极的精神使用“客观化”这个词，这有点令人困惑。事实上，人们可以在一些女权主义作家的作品中找到这两种明显相互冲突的用法：例如，法律理论家卡斯·桑斯坦，她总体上支持麦金农对性行为的批评。在他早期关于色情的著作中，桑斯坦谈到，将女性作为利用和控制男性的对象对待，是色情表现中最糟糕的事情。5另一方面，在对纳丁·斯特罗森为色情辩护的一本新书的大部分负面评论中，6桑斯坦写道：
Feminist thought, moreover, has typically represented men’s sexual objectification of women as not a trivial but a central problem in women’s lives, and the opposition to it as at the very heart of feminist politics. For Catharine MacKinnon,“women’s intimate experience of sexual objectification... is definitive of and synonymous with women’s lives as gender female.” 3 It is said to yield an existence in which women “can grasp self only as thing.” 4 Moreover, this baneful experience is, in MacKinnon’s view, unavoidable. In a most striking metaphor, she states that “All women live in sexual objectification the way fish live in water”-meaning by this, presumably, not only that objectification surrounds women, but also that they have become such that they derive their very nourishment and sustenance from it. But women are not fish, and for MacKinnon objectification is bad because it cuts women off from full self-expression and self-determination-from, in effect, their humanity.But the term “objectification” can also be used, somewhat confusingly, in a more positive spirit. Indeed, one can find both of these apparently conflicting uses in the writings of some feminist authors: for example, legal theorist Cass Sunstein, who has been generally supportive of MacKinnon’s critique of sexuality. Throughout his earlier writings on pornography, Sunstein speaks of the treatment of women as objects for the use and control of men as the central thing that is bad in pornographic representation. 5 On the other hand, in a mostly negative review of a recent book by Nadine Strossen defending pornography, 6 Sunstein writes the following: