Crop rotation and tillage management options for sustainable intensification of rice-fallow agro-ecosystem in eastern India
Crop rotation and tillage management options for sustainable intensification of rice-fallow agro-ecosystem in eastern India
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DOI：
10.1038/s41598-020-67973-9
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发表时间：
2020-07-07
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Bhatt, Bhagwati Prasad
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Kumar, Rakesh;Mishra, Janki Sharan;Bhatt, Bhagwati Prasad
目前，在南亚，水稻休耕是强化种植的目标。由于缺乏灌溉设施和农民的社会经济条件差，水稻休耕是一种单一种植制度。然而，在水资源有限的水稻休耕条件下，采用有效的保水做法，种植适应生态的冬季作物是有可能的。该研究旨在确定在水稻休耕条件下适应性和生产力的冬季作物，并评估不同的基于耕作的作物种植实践的土壤水分保持，粮食产量，经济和可持续性参数。六种不同的作物种植和残留物管理（CERM）做法，即，免耕直播稻、免耕移栽稻、钵栽稻、留渣免耕直播稻（ZTDSR（R+））、ZTTPR与米渣截留在裂区设计中评估了ZTTPR（R+）、水稻残留物保留的PTR（PTRR+）作为主区处理和五种冬季作物（鹰嘴豆、扁豆、红花、亚麻籽和芥菜）作为子区处理。在水稻休闲条件下，豆类作物（鹰嘴豆和小扁豆）的生产力高于油料作物，顺序为鹰嘴豆>小扁豆>红花>芥菜>亚麻籽。在CERM措施中，ZTDSR（R+）和ZTDSR处理比PTR处理增加了所有冬季作物的籽粒产量，这主要归因于较长时间内较高的土壤持水量。保护性耕作措施的谷物产量增加在红花（190%）中非常突出，其次是小扁豆（93%）和鹰嘴豆（70%）。水稻籽粒产量在PTR处理下高于ZTDSR处理（7-35%）。保护性耕作实践（ZTDSR，ZTTPR）减少了能源使用（11-20%），并增加了传统耕作实践（PTR）的能量比，更高的水稻-红花，水稻-扁豆和水稻-鹰嘴豆轮作。ZTDSR（R+）处理的水稻-红花和水稻-鹰嘴豆轮作获得了更高的净回报。与ZTTPR和PTR处理相比，ZTDSR处理的温室气体预测排放量显着减少（30%）。因此，该研究表明，在保护性耕作实践（特别是ZTDSR（R+））之后，水稻休耕的种植强化包括冬季作物，如鹰嘴豆，扁豆和红花，可能是实现更高的系统生产力，经济回报和能源利用效率以及减少温室气体排放的战略选择。
Presently, rice-fallows are targeted for cropping intensification in South Asia. Rice-fallows a rainfed mono-cropping system remain fallow after rice due to lack of irrigation facilities and poor socio-economic condition of the farmers. Nevertheless, there is the scope of including ecologically adaptable winter crops in water-limited rice-fallow conditions with effective moisture conservation practices. The study aimed to identify the winter-crops that are adaptable and productive in rice-fallow conditions and to evaluate the different tillage-based crop establishment practices for soil moisture conservation, grain yield, economics, and sustainability parameters. Six different crop establishment and residue management (CERM) practices viz., zero-tillage direct seeded rice (ZTDSR), zero-tillage transplanted rice (ZTTPR), puddled transplanted rice (PTR), ZTDSR with rice residue retention (ZTDSR(R+)), ZTTPR with rice residue retention (ZTTPR(R+)), PTR with rice residue retention (PTRR+) as main-plot treatment and five winter crops (chickpea, lentil, safflower, linseed, and mustard) as sub-plot treatment were evaluated in a split-plot design. The productivity of grain legumes (chickpea and lentil) was higher over oilseed crops in rice-fallow conditions with an order of chickpea>lentil>safflower>mustard>linseed. Among the CERM practices, ZTDSR(R+) and ZTDSR treatments increased the grain yield of all the winter crops over PTR treatment, which was primarily attributed to higher soil moisture retention for an extended period. Grain yield increment with conservation tillage practices was highly prominent in safflower (190%) followed by lentil (93%) and chickpea (70%). Rice grain yield was higher (7-35%) under PTR treatment followed by ZTDSR treatment. Conservation tillage practices (ZTDSR, ZTTPR) reduced energy use (11-20%) and increased the energy ratio over conventional tillage practice (PTR), higher in rice-safflower, rice-lentil and rice-chickpea rotations. Higher net return was attained in rice-safflower and rice-chickpea rotations with ZTDSR(R+) treatment. Predicted emission of greenhouse gases was markedly reduced in ZTDSR treatment (30%) compared to ZTTPR and PTR treatments. Hence, the study suggests that cropping intensification of rice-fallows with the inclusion of winter crops like chickpea, lentil, and safflower following conservation tillage practices (ZTDSR(R+) in particular) could be the strategic options for achieving the higher system productivity, economic returns, and energy use efficiency with the reduced emission of greenhouse gases.