A tale of worldwide success: Behind the scenes of Carex (Cyperaceae) biogeography and diversification
A tale of worldwide success: Behind the scenes of Carex (Cyperaceae) biogeography and diversification
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DOI：
10.1111/jse.12549
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发表时间：
2019-11-01
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Starr, Julian R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Martin-Bravo, Santiago;Jimenez-Mejias, Pedro;Starr, Julian R.
苔草属（Carex）。2000种，莎草科（Cyperaceae））几乎全球分布，在北方半球的寒温带地区具有较高的物种多样性。尽管在过去的几十年里，我们对该属的系统发育历史和许多分子生物学研究的知识有了很大的扩展，但对苔草属的系统发育和多样化的全球分析仍然缺乏。为了这个目的，我们建立了迄今为止最全面的苔草属的三个标记（ETS-ITS-matK）的基础上，使用以前的基因组杂交-Seq框架，和采样的三分之二的物种和所有公认的部分。祖先地区重建，地理随机映射，和多样化率分析进行了阐明宏观进化地理和多样化模式。我们的研究结果表明，苔草起源于晚始新世在东亚，它可能一直保持到晚渐新世其主要亚属谱系的同步多样化。东亚被认为是苔草多样化的摇篮，也是现存物种多样性的“博物馆”。随后的“亚洲以外”殖民模式的特点是多个不对称的分散聚集在北方半球地区之间的现代，与主要地区作为源和汇（特别是亚洲和北美），以及南半球的几个独立的殖民事件。在过去的10 My中，我们检测到13个显着的多样化率变化，包括北美和新西兰的显着辐射，这与晚第三纪全球变冷同时发生，这表明多样化涉及新地区的殖民化和扩展到新的生态位空间领域。
The megadiverse genus Carex (c. 2000 species, Cyperaceae) has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution, displaying an inverted latitudinal richness gradient with higher species diversity in cold-temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere. Despite great expansion in our knowledge of the phylogenetic history of the genus and many molecular studies focusing on the biogeography of particular groups during the last few decades, a global analysis of Carex biogeography and diversification is still lacking. For this purpose, we built the hitherto most comprehensive Carex-dated phylogeny based on three markers (ETS-ITS-matK), using a previous phylogenomic Hyb-Seq framework, and a sampling of two-thirds of its species and all recognized sections. Ancestral area reconstruction, biogeographic stochastic mapping, and diversification rate analyses were conducted to elucidate macroevolutionary biogeographic and diversification patterns. Our results reveal that Carex originated in the late Eocene in E Asia, where it probably remained until the synchronous diversification of its main subgeneric lineages during the late Oligocene. E Asia is supported as the cradle of Carex diversification, as well as a "museum" of extant species diversity. Subsequent "out-of-Asia" colonization patterns feature multiple asymmetric dispersals clustered toward present times among the Northern Hemisphere regions, with major regions acting both as source and sink (especially Asia and North America), as well as several independent colonization events of the Southern Hemisphere. We detected 13 notable diversification rate shifts during the last 10My, including remarkable radiations in North America and New Zealand, which occurred concurrently with the late Neogene global cooling, which suggests that diversification involved the colonization of new areas and expansion into novel areas of niche space.