Bouts of steps: The organization of infant exploration
Bouts of steps: The organization of infant exploration
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DOI：
10.1002/dev.21374
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发表时间：
2016-04-01
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Adolph, Karen E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cole, Whitney G.;Robinson, Scott R.;Adolph, Karen E.
成年人主要是步行到达一个新的位置，但为什么婴儿会走路呢？婴儿和成年人一样，走路是为了到达一个遥远的目标吗？我们观察了30个13个月大和30个19个月大的婴儿在自然行走在实验室的游戏室。我们描述了婴儿开始和停止行走时的回合结构，以研究婴儿开始和停止行走的原因。自发活动主要由短暂的间歇性行走组成。一半的13个月大的婴儿和41%的19个月大的婴儿只有三步或更少的步数，而这一步数很少，无法将婴儿带到一个遥远的目标。大多数比赛都是在地板中间结束的，而不是在一个可识别的目标。对每回合步数分布的生存分析表明，继续行走的概率与持续回合的长度无关;婴儿在5步后停止行走的可能性与50步后一样，他们对足够长的回合没有偏见，足以让他们穿过房间到达目标。然而，1-3个月大的婴儿在1 - 3步后停下来的可能性增加，并且他们没有更频繁地开始走路来弥补他们过度的短距离。我们认为，婴儿的自然行走并不是有意针对遥远的目标，而是一个随机过程，服务于探索功能。步行的回合结构和步行的其他措施之间的关系表明，运动探索是受步行技巧在年幼的婴儿，但不是在较大的婴儿。(c)2015 Wiley Periodicals，Inc. Dev Psychobiol 58：341 - 354，2016。
Adults primarily walk to reach a new location, but why do infants walk? Do infants, like adults, walk to travel to a distant goal? We observed 30 13-month-old and 30 19-month-old infants during natural walking in a laboratory playroom. We characterized the bout structure of walkingwhen infants start and stop walkingto examine why infants start and stop walking. Locomotor activity was composed largely of brief spurts of walking. Half of 13-month-olds' bouts and 41% of 19-month-olds' bouts consisted of three or fewer stepstoo few to carry infants to a distant goal. Most bouts ended in the middle of the floor, not at a recognizable goal. Survival analyses of the distribution of steps per bout indicated that the probability of continuing to walk was independent of the length of the ongoing bout; infants were just as likely to stop walking after five steps as after 50 steps and they showed no bias toward bouts long enough to carry them across the room to a goal. However, 13-month-olds showed an increased probability of stopping after 1-3 steps, and they did not initiate walking more frequently to compensate for their surfeit of short bouts. We propose that infants' natural walking is not intentionally directed at distant goals; rather, it is a stochastic process that serves exploratory functions. Relations between the bout structure of walking and other measures of walking suggest that locomotor exploration is constrained by walking skill in younger infants, but not in older infants. (c) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 58: 341-354, 2016.