Three-Dimensional Coverage Optimization of Underwater Nodes Under Multiconstraints Combined With Water Flow
Three-Dimensional Coverage Optimization of Underwater Nodes Under Multiconstraints Combined With Water Flow
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DOI：
10.1109/jiot.2021.3094725
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发表时间：
2022-02
影响因子：
10.6
通讯作者：
Chengming Luo;Yuxin Cao;Gaifang Xin;Biao Wang;En Lu;Houlian Wang
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Chengming Luo;Yuxin Cao;Gaifang Xin;Biao Wang;En Lu;Houlian Wang
水下节点在水流作用下容易发生漂移，使得水下无线传感器网络的拓扑结构具有很大的不确定性。这必然会导致节点随时间的不均匀分布。在障碍物和边界受限的情况下，本文的目的是重新部署漂移的水下节点，以恢复更高的覆盖率。因此，我们提出了一个三维虚拟力覆盖算法（3D-VFCA）。受物理水流作用的启发，推导了在重力、浮力、推进力和阻力等连续作用下，漂移水下节点的位置演化模型，揭示了水下节点漂移导致的水下节点变形和覆盖空洞的机理。然后，将节点分布密集和稀疏的覆盖问题转化为预覆盖过程中节点位置与聚类中心加权距离的优化问题，减少节点盲目移动造成的较大移动距离，解决离群点造成的聚类中心不准确问题。在此基础上，设计了考虑水下节点、障碍物、边界等因素的改进虚拟力算法，使预覆盖的水下节点在自适应移动距离的基础上移动到更优的位置。最后，漂移水下节点的覆盖性能评估进行不同的覆盖算法，节点数量，和障碍。实验结果表明，所提出的3D-VFCA可以提高UWSNs的覆盖率。
Underwater nodes are prone to drift under the water flow action, which makes the topological structure of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have great uncertainty. It is bound to bring about the occurrence of node nonuniform distribution over time. Given the obstacles and boundaries constrained areas, the intention of this article is to redeploy the drifted underwater nodes for regaining higher coverage rate. Hence, we propose a 3-D virtual force coverage algorithm (3D-VFCA). Inspired by the physical water flow action, the position evolution model of drifted underwater nodes is derived under the continuous gravity, buoyancy, propulsion, and resistance forces, which can reveal the mechanism of UWSNs deformation and coverage holes caused by the underwater node drift. Then, the coverage problem of dense and sparse node distributions is transformed into the optimization problem of weighted distance between node positions and clustering centers in the precoverage process, which can reduce large moving distances caused by node blind movements and solve the problem of inaccurate clustering centers caused by outliers. Furthermore, the improved virtual force algorithm is designed in consideration of underwater nodes, obstacles, and boundaries, which can drive the precovered underwater nodes to more optimal positions based on the adaptive moving distance per step. Finally, coverage performance evaluations of drifted underwater nodes are performed under different coverage algorithms, node numbers, and obstacles. The experimental results indicate that the proposed 3D-VFCA can improve the coverage rates in UWSNs.