Environmental and biological monitoring of personal exposure to air pollutants of adult people living in a metropolitan area
Environmental and biological monitoring of personal exposure to air pollutants of adult people living in a metropolitan area
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DOI：
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144916
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发表时间：
2021-02-05
影响因子：
9.8
通讯作者：
Bollati，Valentina
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Cattaneo，Andrea;Campo，Laura;Bollati，Valentina
研究背景通过对51名志愿者在米兰（意大利）生活和工作的成年人进行环境和生物监测，评估其对PM2.5、PM2.5 - 10和苯、甲苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯+对二甲苯、甲基叔丁基醚、萘、己烷、环己烷、庚烷和柠檬烯通过个人级联撞击器和径向扩散取样器在沿着24小时的时间内进行评估。收集尿点样本以研究相应的尿生物标志物。时间-活动模式由参与者填写，以探索所进行的活动。应用多元回归模型研究个人暴露、生物标志物水平与烟草烟雾、交通暴露、通勤模式、烹饪活动和个人特征之间的关联。结果PM2.5、PM2.5 - 10、苯、甲苯、间对二甲苯、间对二甲苯、甲基叔丁基醚、萘、己烷、环己烷、庚烷和柠檬烯的个人暴露中位数为36.1，分别为7.8、2.3、7.8、2.1、1.8、4.7、0.8、0.3、1.4、2.5、1.6和59.9 μ g/m3。尿中苯、甲苯、邻二甲苯、间对二甲苯、萘、己烷和庚烷的中位水平分别为78.0、88.1、21.5、15.2、43.9、21.0、11.0和22.5 ng/L。对于个人暴露，多元回归模型解释了高达67%（PM2.5）和61%（苯）的变异性，主要来自通勤模式和环境暴露。对于生物监测，多元回归分析解释了高达74%的尿苯，肌酐的主要贡献，和次要的贡献，通勤模式，个人暴露于空气中的苯和smoking.ConclusionsPersonal暴露于空气污染物是低于在过去的测量在米兰。个人暴露主要由交通变量驱动，而内部剂量主要由个人特征和吸烟习惯驱动。
BackgroundHuman exposure to air pollutants, and specifically to particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), may pose a relevant risk on human health.AimTo evaluate the personal exposure of adults living and working in Milan (Italy) by environmental and biological monitoring.MethodsPersonal exposure of 51 volunteer adults to PM2.5, PM2.5–10and selected VOCs, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m + p-xylene, methyl tert-butyl ether, naphthalene, hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, and limonene was assessed along a 24-h period via personal cascade impactors and radial diffusive samplers. Urine spot samples were collected to investigate the corresponding urinary biomarkers. Time-activity patterns were filled in by participants to explore the performed activities. Multiple regression models were applied to investigate the association between personal exposure, biomarker levels, and tobacco smoke, traffic exposure, commuting mode, cooking activities, and personal characteristics.ResultsMedian personal exposure to PM2.5, PM2.5–10, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene o-xylene, m + p-xylene, methyl tert-butyl ether, naphthalene, hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, and limonene were 36.1, 7.8, 2.3, 7.8, 2.1, 1.8, 4.7, 0.8, 0.3, 1.4, 2.5, 1.6, and 59.9 μg/m3, respectively. Median levels of urinary benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene o-xylene, m + p-xylene, naphthalene, hexane, and heptane were 78.0, 88.1, 21.5, 15.2, 43.9, 21.0, 11.0, and 22.5 ng/L, respectively. For personal exposure, multiple regression models explained up to 67% (PM2.5) and 61% (benzene) of variability, with major contribution from commuting mode and environmental exposure. For biological monitoring, multiple regression analysis explained up to 74% of urinary benzene, with a major contribution given by creatinine, and secondary contributions by commuting mode, personal exposure to airborne benzene and smoking.ConclusionsPersonal exposure to air pollutants was lower than that measured in the past in Milan. Personal exposure was mainly driven by traffic variables, while internal dose was mainly driven by personal characteristics and smoking habit.