Standards for Waters and Industrial Effluents
Standards for Waters and Industrial Effluents
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水和工业废水标准
DOI：
10.2166/wst.1984.0134
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发表时间：
1984
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
R. Chalmers
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Chalmers
25个国家的经验显示，各国的趋势都是加强立法管制向环境排放废物，这是不足为奇的。然而，这些法律所要求的标准的变化速度相对较新。这部分是由于在过去的四分之一世纪里，环境保护被提升为一个政治问题，由于世界范围内的即时通讯，环境压力团体有了新的认识，国际上了解了从各种制造过程中排出的废水在技术上可以-或应该-取得什么成果，以及技术转让，有时是联合国等国际机构鼓励提供资金。在简要审议了标准的来源之后，注意到21个标准的实际适用有问题的案例。鉴于废水标准对制造成本的重大影响，重要的是标准既合理又必要。尽量减少工业废水排放的方法对排放者和接收环境都有好处。
Experience in 25 countries shows, not surprisingly, that the trend everywhere is towards tightening legislative control on waste discharges to the environment. What is comparatively recent, however, is the rate of change in the standards required under these laws. This stems partly from the elevation of environmental protection to a political issue within the last quarter century, a new awareness among environmental pressure groups enhanced by instant communications world-wide, an international knowledge of what is - or should be - technically attainable in effluents from various manufacturing processes, and technology transfer and sometimes funding encouraged by the international agencies like those of the United Nations. After a brief consideration of the derivation of standards 21 cases are noted in which the actual application of standards has been questionable. In view of the significant effect of effluent standards upon manufacturing costs it is important that standards are both rational and necessary. Approaches to the minimizing of industrial effluent discharges benefit both the discharger and the receiving environment.