Knowledge of shadows: the introduction of X-ray images in medicine.
Knowledge of shadows: the introduction of X-ray images in medicine.
复制标题
阴影知识：X 射线图像在医学中的介绍。
DOI：
10.1111/1467-9566.ep11373066
复制
发表时间：
1989
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
B. Pasveer
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
B. Pasveer
自从1895年发现X射线以来，X射线成像在医学的认知和实践组织中发挥了重要作用。本文分析了X射线图像被引入的方式，以及在世纪之交的医学思想和行为中的意义。在许多放射学的历史中隐含的假设是，X射线图像的特定（诊断）信息从一开始就存在于它们内部，并且它被技术或认识论问题所掩盖。这些问题都解决了，那么直接看到图像包含什么信息就没有问题了。本文对这一假设提出了质疑。有人认为，图像的具体内容是由X射线工作者在当时的医学发展背景下的活动塑造的。这种塑造，正如这里历史上重建的那样，由四种方法组成。X射线工作者（无论是医生、技术人员还是科学家）对技术、图像、摄影材料和被X射线照射的物体进行实验。他们使用尸体的X光图像与活患者的X光照片进行比较。放射科医生试图将用其他方法获得的诊断信息“翻译”成X射线图像的阴影。最后，他们将图像与图像进行比较。塑造X射线图像的内容和使用，使它们代表现实的过程，发生在特定的机构内，在不同的国家，它采取了不同的形式，而且适用于身体的不同部位。在英国和荷兰的放射学的制度化和专业化的发展提供了一小部分的背景知识的阴影。
Ever since the discovery of X-rays in 1895, X-ray imaging has played a large role in the cognitive and practical organization of medicine. This article analyses the way X-ray images were introduced and made sense of in medical thinking and acting around the turn of the century. The implicit assumption in many histories of radiology is that the specific (diagnostic) message of the X-ray images resided inside them from the beginning, and that it is obscured either by technological or epistemological problems. These being solved, it would then be no problem to see directly what information the image contains. In this article this assumption is contested. It is argued that the specific content of the images was shaped by the activities of X-ray workers within the context of medical developments of the time. This shaping, as it is historically reconstructed here, consisted of four methods. X-ray workers (be they physicians, technicians or scientists) experimented with the technology, the images, the photographic materials and the objects that were X-rayed. They used X-ray images of dead bodies to compare them with radiographs of living patients. Radiologists tried to'translate'diagnostic information acquired with other methods into the shadows of the X-ray images. And finally they compared images with images. The process of shaping the content and use of X-ray images, of making them represent reality, took place within specific institutions, and it took a different form in different countries, but also for different parts of the body. Developments of institutionalisation and professionalisation of radiology in England and the Netherlands are presented to provide a small part of the background of this shaping of knowledge of shadows.