Periodizing Globalization
Periodizing Globalization
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全球化分期
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发表时间：
2007
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通讯作者：
Adam McKeown
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作者：
Adam McKeown
斯科菲尔德，第五章。肯尼斯·彭慕兰在《大分歧：中国、欧洲和现代世界的形成》中以惊人的方式讨论了这些问题，普林斯顿，新泽西，2000年。一些人对彭慕兰的观点提出了质疑，他们希望通过强调英国经济的活力来扭转其因果方向，从而确保英国经济始终处于收购美洲“幽灵”土地的上游，而不是下游。参见E. a . Wrigley，“向先进有机经济的过渡：英国农业的五千年”，《经济史评论》59:3,2006年。这篇文章也代表了迄今为止Wrigley尝试的对有机经济本质的最广泛的考虑。27见Paul Slack，“评论：感知和人”，载于《英国人》，Slack和Ward编辑，第11-216页。28 Alison Games，“移民”，收录于《英国大西洋世界1500-1800》，David Armitage和Michael J. Braddick主编，伦敦，2002年，第31-51页。在13世纪末英国人口超过500万的时候，没有这样的移民释放记录。爱德华一世对威尔士和爱尔兰的殖民与17世纪中后期的人口迁移相比，在数量上是微不足道的，其人口影响也微不足道。见理查德·史密斯，《瘟疫与人：1250-1670年的人口长周期》，载于《英国人》，斯莱克和沃德编，第203-4页。29在解释17世纪末和18世纪初伦敦的人口模式时，为政治提供了充足空间的典型分析可以在J.兰德斯的《从科尔顿到滑铁卢：历史人口统计学中的死亡率、政治和经济》中找到。《重新思考社会史：1570-1920年的英国社会及其解释》，阿德里安·威尔逊编，曼彻斯特，1993年，第97-127页。加雷斯·斯特德曼·琼斯《终结贫困？》《历史辩论》，89-1092004，第5-7页。
Schofield, chap. 5. 26 Issues that are taken up in striking fashion by Kenneth Pomeranz, in The Great Divergence: China, Europe and the Making of the Modern World, Princeton, New Jersey, 2000. Some aspects of Pomeranz’s argument are contested by those who wish to reverse its causal direction by stressing that it was the dynamism of the British economy that ensured it was always upstream from the acquisition of ‘ghost’ acres in the Americas rather than downstream from them. See E. A. Wrigley, ‘The Transition to an Advanced Organic Economy: Half a Millennium of English Agriculture’, Economic History Review 59: 3, 2006. This essay also represents the most extensive consideration of the nature of an organic economy so far attempted by Wrigley. 27 See Paul Slack, ‘Comment: Perceptions and People’, in The Peopling of Britain, ed. Slack and Ward, pp. 11–216. 28 Alison Games, ‘Migration’, in The British Atlantic World 1500–1800, ed. David Armitage and Michael J. Braddick, London, 2002, pp. 31–51. No such release of migrants can be documented for the previous occasion that the English population had exceeded five million in the late thirteenth century. Edward I’s colonization of Wales and Ireland in comparison with the relocation of people achieved in the mid and lateseventeenth century was quantitatively miniscule and its demographic effect inconsequential. See Richard Smith, ‘Plagues and People: the Long Demographic Cycle, 1250–1670’, in The Peopling of Britain, ed. Slack and Ward, pp. 203–4. 29 An exemplary analysis that gives ample room to politics in the explanation of demographic patterning in late seventeenth and early eighteenth-century London is to be found in J. Landers, ‘From Colyton to Waterloo: Mortality, Politics and Economics in Historical Demography’, in Rethinking Social History: English Society 1570–1920 and its Interpretation, ed. Adrian Wilson, Manchester, 1993, pp. 97–127. 30 Gareth Stedman Jones, An End to Poverty? A Historical Debate, 89–1092004, pp. 5–7.