Drosophila adult olfactory shock learning.
Drosophila adult olfactory shock learning.
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DOI：
10.3791/50107
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发表时间：
2014-08-07
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Hodge JJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Malik BR;Hodge JJ
果蝇已被用于经典条件反射实验超过40年，从而极大地促进了我们对记忆的理解，包括认知疾病中涉及的分子机制的阐明1 -7。可以在幼虫中测定学习和记忆以研究神经发育基因的作用8 -10，并且在苍蝇中测定成年可塑性基因的贡献1 -7。此外，果蝇的寿命短，便于分析介导年龄相关的记忆障碍的基因5，11-13。许多诱导型启动子细分果蝇神经系统的可用性使得有可能确定何时何地需要感兴趣的基因用于正常记忆以及强化信号的不同方面的中继3，4，14，16。研究成年果蝇的记忆可以详细分析所涉及的行为和电路，并测量长期记忆15 -17。成年阶段的长度适应长期的遗传，行为，饮食和药理学操纵的记忆，除了确定衰老和神经退行性疾病对记忆的影响3 - 6，11 - 13，15 -21。经典条件反射是通过同时呈现中性气味线索（条件刺激，CS+）和强化刺激（例如，电击或蔗糖（无条件刺激，US），通过动物彼此联系1，16。随后在没有US的情况下呈现第二条件刺激（CS-）。在测试阶段，果蝇同时呈现CS+和CS-气味。在果蝇有时间在气味之间进行选择之后，记录下动物的分布。这个程序允许关联厌恶或食欲条件反射被可靠地测量，而不会因对条件刺激的先天偏好而引入偏差。还进行了各种对照实验，以测试是否所有基因型正常响应气味和强化单独。
Drosophila have been used in classical conditioning experiments for over 40 years, thus greatly facilitating our understanding of memory, including the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms involved in cognitive diseases1-7. Learning and memory can be assayed in larvae to study the effect of neurodevelopmental genes8-10 and in flies to measure the contribution of adult plasticity genes1-7. Furthermore, the short lifespan of Drosophila facilitates the analysis of genes mediating age-related memory impairment5,11-13. The availability of many inducible promoters that subdivide the Drosophila nervous system makes it possible to determine when and where a gene of interest is required for normal memory as well as relay of different aspects of the reinforcement signal3,4,14,16. Studying memory in adult Drosophila allows for a detailed analysis of the behavior and circuitry involved and a measurement of long-term memory15-17. The length of the adult stage accommodates longer-term genetic, behavioral, dietary and pharmacological manipulations of memory, in addition to determining the effect of aging and neurodegenerative disease on memory3-6,11-13,15-21. Classical conditioning is induced by the simultaneous presentation of a neutral odor cue (conditioned stimulus, CS+) and a reinforcement stimulus, e.g., an electric shock or sucrose, (unconditioned stimulus, US), that become associated with one another by the animal1,16. A second conditioned stimulus (CS-) is subsequently presented without the US. During the testing phase, Drosophila are simultaneously presented with CS+ and CS- odors. After the Drosophila are provided time to choose between the odors, the distribution of the animals is recorded. This procedure allows associative aversive or appetitive conditioning to be reliably measured without a bias introduced by the innate preference for either of the conditioned stimuli. Various control experiments are also performed to test whether all genotypes respond normally to odor and reinforcement alone.