Brain nicotinic receptors:: structure and regulation, role in learning and reinforcement
Brain nicotinic receptors:: structure and regulation, role in learning and reinforcement
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DOI：
10.1016/s0165-0173(97)00040-4
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发表时间：
1998-05-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Zoli, M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Changeux, JP;Bertrand, D;Zoli, M
60年代后期，分子生物学的概念和方法引入神经系统的研究，对该领域产生了深远的影响，主要是通过识别其基本分子成分。例如，这些结构包括突触的基本单位：神经递质、神经肽及其受体，以及离子通道、细胞内第二信使和相关酶、细胞表面粘附分子或生长和营养因子[21，78，81，52，79]。然而，试图在这些分子成分、神经网络的实际组织和定义的行为之间建立适当的因果关系，仍然必须克服许多困难。第一个问题是识别组织的最低水平，从分子、细胞或多细胞（回路）到更高的认知水平，这些水平决定了所研究的给定生理和/或行为表现。一个常见的困难（和解释错误的潜在来源）是将认知功能与不具备所需结构复杂性的网络组织联系起来，反之亦然。另一个问题是，在系统的组成部分中，区分哪些是真正必要的，哪些是合在一起就足以使给定行为发生的。识别这样一个最小的构建块集可以从神经上合理的形式模型的阐述中获得决定性的见解，这些模型在单个连贯的“人工有机体”中将神经元网络，循环活动以及它们确定的行为结合在一起（见[42，43，45，72，30]）。在这封信中，我们将尝试，仍然是初步的方式，汇集：（1）我们最近对脑烟碱受体（nAChR）及其变构特性的分子生物学知识，以及（2）整合行为，如认知学习，例如，用延迟反应或被动回避任务进行调查，这些任务可能涉及nAChRs，特别是在强化水平[2019 - 05 - 18][2019 - 05 - 19] (C)1998 Elsevier Science B. V.保留所有权利。
The introduction, in the late sixties, of the concepts and methods of molecular biology to the study of the nervous system had a profound impact on the field, primarily through the identification of its basic molecular components. These structures include, for example, the elementary units of the synapse: neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and their receptors, but also ionic channels, intracellular second messengers and the relevant enzymes, cell surface adhesion molecules, or growth and trophic factors [21,78,81,52,79]. Attempts to establish appropriate causal relationships between these molecular components, the actual organisation of neural networks, and a defined behavior, nevertheless, still must overcome many difficulties. A first problem is the recognition of the minimum levels of organisation, from the molecular, cellular, or multicellular (circuit) to the higher cognitive levels, that determine the given physiological and/or behavioral performance under investigation. A common difficulty (and potential source of errors of interpretation) is to relate a cognitive function to a network organization which does not possess the required structural complexity and vice-versa. Another problem is to distinguish, among the components of the system, those which are actually necessary and those which, taken together, suffice for a given behavior to take place. Identification of such a minimal set of building blocks may receive decisive insights from the elaboration of neurally plausible formal models that bring together, within a single and coherent 'artificial organism', the neuronal network, the circulating activity, and the behavior they determine (see [42,43,45,72,30]). In this communication, we shall attempt, still in a preliminary fashion, to bring together: (1) our recent knowledge on the molecular biology of brain nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) and their allosteric properties and (2) integrated behaviors, such as cognitive learning, investigated for instance with delayed-response or passive avoidance tasks that are likely to involve nAChRs in particular at the level of reinforcement (or reward) mechanisms (see [18,29,135]). (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.