Monitoring visitor patterns of use in natural tourist destinations
Monitoring visitor patterns of use in natural tourist destinations
复制标题
监测游客在自然旅游目的地的使用模式
DOI：
10.1016/b978-0-08-044644-8.50007-2
复制
发表时间：
2005
影响因子：
13.2
通讯作者：
P. Chhetri
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
C. Arrowsmith;D. Zanon;P. Chhetri
预计国家公园的游客数量将会增加。反过来，这将增加人类对这些公园内的自然和文化资源的影响的潜在风险。除此之外，人们在公园内进行的新型娱乐活动也相应增加，例如山地自行车、攀岩、观光飞行、骑马和滑翔翼。每一种新的娱乐活动都有其自身的环境要求（伊塔米& Gimblett 2001）。对公园的不利影响并不来自游客参观本身，而是来自公园的使用量、一个地区内人员和活动的流动和分布、季节性使用以及进行的特定休闲活动（Ziener 2002）。我们的许多生态敏感的旅游目的地已经经历了过度拥挤的压力（哈里斯和莱珀1995年）。随着游客压力的增加，用户满意度下降，游客前来参观的景点的生态基础也在积极退化。除了与过度拥挤有关的有害影响外，还观察到许多公园的游客行为发生了变化。Arnberger &勃兰登堡（2002）注意到，访问时间不同，人们的习惯会改变，以适应过度拥挤。人们对拥挤的感知程度不同，需要对这些不同的感知进行进一步的研究（Arnberger &勃兰登堡2002; Manning 1999）。Lawson等人（2002）已经应用了一个模拟模型，该模型已经估计了美国犹他州的精致拱门和拱门国家公园内的徒步旅行者和车辆的特定时间的社会承载能力的数值。为了帮助维多利亚公园规划未来的服务提供，他们目前正在测试一种基于计算机的模拟方法，该方法使用基于代理的建模来支持公园和保护区的决策（伊塔米和Gimblett 2001;伊塔米等人2002）。该模拟器被称为RBSim 2（娱乐行为模拟），使用计算机生成的代理来代表人类在地理娱乐环境中。代理可以被编程为根据一组定义的规则做出决策。
Tourist numbers to national parks are expected to increase. In turn this will increase the potential risk from human impacts on natural and cultural resources within these parks. In addition to this increase, there is a corresponding increase in the new types of recreational activities that people pursue within parks, for example mountain biking, rock climbing, scenic flights, horse riding and hang gliding. Each of these new recreational pursuits has its own environmental requirements (Itami & Gimblett 2001). Adverse impacts on the park do not result from tourist visitation itself but rather from the amount of park utilisation, the flows and distribution of people and activities within a region, seasonal use and from the particular leisure activity undertaken (Ziener 2002). Many of our ecologically sensitive tourist destinations are already experiencing stress from overcrowding (Harris & Leiper 1995). With growing visitor pressure, user satisfaction is diminished and the ecological base for the attractions, which tourists are coming to see, is also actively degraded. In addition to the deleterious impacts associated with overcrowding, there has also been an observed alteration in visitor behaviour in many parks. Arnberger & Brandenburg (2002) noticed that visiting times vary and people’s habits will change in an effort to accommodate overcrowding. People have different perceived levels of crowding, and further research into these varying perceptions is required (Arnberger & Brandenburg 2002; Manning 1999). Lawson et al.(2002), for example, have applied a simulation model that has estimated numerical values for specific times of social carrying capacities for hikers and vehicles within the Delicate Arch and Arches National Park, Utah, USA. To assist Parks Victoria plan for future service provision, they are currently testing a computerbased simulation approach that uses agent-based modelling for supporting decision-making for their parks and reserves (Itami & Gimblett 2001; Itami et al. 2002). The simulator, referred to as RBSim 2 (Recreation Behaviour Simulation) uses computer generated agents to represent humans in a geographic recreation environment. Agents can be programmed to make decisions based on a defined set of rules.