Awareness and symbol use improves future-oriented decision making in preschoolers
Awareness and symbol use improves future-oriented decision making in preschoolers
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DOI：
10.1207/s15326942dn3101_3
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发表时间：
2007-01-01
影响因子：
1.5
通讯作者：
Moore, Chris
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Garon, Nancy;Moore, Chris
爱荷华州赌博任务的儿童版本被用于在两个实验中探索学龄前时期决策的发展。 181 名年龄分别为 3.5 岁和 4.5 岁的儿童被要求在即时奖励较高但长期奖励较低的“坏”牌组和即时奖励较低但长期奖励较高的“好”牌组之间进行选择。实验我探索了年龄差异以及赌博任务与延迟满足任务的关联。发现了表现上的年龄差异，支持了之前的发现（Kerr & Zelazo，2004），即 3 岁和 4 岁儿童在面向未来的决策方面存在发展差异。研究发现，仅 3.5 岁儿童的赌博任务表现与延迟满足感显着相关。实验 2 探讨了标签和符号使用对性能的影响。虽然让 4.5 岁的孩子给牌组贴上好或坏的标签可以提高他们在任务中的表现，但这种标签对 3.5 岁孩子的表现没有影响。然而，让 3.5 岁的孩子在牌堆旁边放置一个代表“好”和“坏”的符号确实可以提高表现，但仅限于那些能够正确标记牌堆的孩子。这些结果表明，在学龄前阶段，有意识的意识、符号的使用和做出有利的面向未来的决策之间存在相互作用。
A child version of the Iowa Gambling task was used to explore the development of decision-making during the preschool period in two experiments. One hundred eighty-one children, 3.5 and 4.5 years of age, were asked to choose between a "bad" deck with higher immediate but lower long-term rewards and a "good" deck with lower immediate but higher long-term rewards. Experiment I explored age differences and the association of the gambling task with a delay of gratification task. Age differences in performance were found, supporting previous findings (Kerr & Zelazo, 2004) of a development difference between 3- and 4-year-old children in future-oriented decision making. Performance on the gambling task was found to be significantly associated with delay of gratification for 3.5-year-old children only. Experiment 2 explored the effect of labeling and symbol use on performance. Although having 4.5-year-old children label decks as good or bad improved their performance on the task, this labeling had no effect on 3.5-year-old children's performance. However, having 3.5-year-old children place a symbol representing "good" and "bad" next to the decks did improve performance, but only for those children who were able to correctly label the decks. These results suggest an interaction between conscious awareness, symbol use, and making advantageous future-oriented decisions during the preschool period.