SIKU: Knowing Our Ice. Documenting Inuit Sea Ice Knowledge and Use
SIKU: Knowing Our Ice. Documenting Inuit Sea Ice Knowledge and Use
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SIKU：了解我们的冰。
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Lene Kielsen
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作者：
Beverley Diamond;Igor Krupnik;Claudio Aporta;S. Gearheard;Gita J. Laidler;Lene Kielsen
正如最初提出的那样，最近的国际极地年（IPY）似乎没有“人类维度”。然而，在2004年的北极理事会外交部长会议上，土著和传统知识对北极研究的持续贡献的重要性，以及北极居民在研究项目中的发起，使得将社会和人类研究引入国际极地年的科学项目成为可能。这本书作为2007-2008国际和平年的一部分出版，是这一目标的宝贵成果，20章的38位作者中有许多来自阿拉斯加、加拿大北部和格陵兰岛的不同地区。由于北极一年中较冷的部分地区的冰情对生活在那里的当地人来说每天都是一个挑战，当地居民不得不发展出自己的方法来指定他们在狩猎、穿越海冰等生活中遇到的任何情况的术语，并根据他们看到的情况进行解释。本书讨论了这些非常有用的品质，在许多方面将为各地的因纽特人提供术语的“圣经”。海冰是土著居民如何在北极生存的焦点，因为如果不彻底了解它如何影响他们的生活，他们将无法狩猎并将他们的知识传授给更年轻的人口。第1章概述了SIKU项目的历史，以及它如何发展成为本书中的各种词汇表。SIKU涉及许多调查人员和西部阿拉斯加/楚科奇和东部努纳武特/格陵兰的大约30个村庄/定居点。随着项目的发展，个别调查人员努力将各项建议结合起来，同时努力解决工作所需的经费问题。到2005年，首字母缩略词SIKU（海冰知识和利用）被命名为“知识”（“长者”）和“使用”。另一个缩略词ISIUOP（因纽特人海冰利用和占用项目）是作为国际冰年的预提案而开发的，并在2006-2010年组织结构倡议中被列为整体研究的一个伞形项目，在表格（第18-22页）中列出了项目名称、合作社区、贡献者和资助人，主要包括加拿大政府、美国国家公园管理局和国家科学基金会。人类学家弗朗茨·博阿斯在北极人类学领域做出了许多开创性的贡献，这是由于他在巴芬岛的因纽特人之间进行了田野调查，在1882-1883年的第一个国际极地年之后。第16章详细描述了他的作品，包括他最初在爱斯基摩语中表示雪的四个不相关的词是如何被后来的作家所采用和利用的。通过反复循环，博阿斯最初的四个术语最终“雪球”变成了多达200个关于雪的术语，据报道，爱斯基摩人知道了这些术语，这一系列事件通常被称为“爱斯基摩人的伟大词汇骗局”（第390页）。首字母缩略词和新项目SIKU是合适的，因为它也是从格陵兰岛到俄罗斯的每个因纽特人（爱斯基摩人）社区都知道的海冰（SIKU）的主要因纽特语。尽管siku是许多种类海冰的通用词或前缀，但根据因纽特人的传说，各个定居点对相同或不同类型的冰都有自己的术语。例如，选定的格陵兰岛东部和西部的海冰术语列表显示出相同特征的差异，但在其他方面也相似。《阿拉斯加威尔士因纽皮克海冰词典》（Kingigin）（第14章）是SIKU项目及其相关项目的首批25个土著海冰词汇之一。其他章节适用于其他研究地点的术语，例如西格陵兰的Qeqertaq；多塞特角;Igloolik;Pangnirtung;Gambell;巴罗;和努。因纽特人在捕海象和捕鲸地区的海冰经验在术语方面变得非常具体。例如，威尔士语“analuaq”的意思是“上面有海象粪便的浮冰”。SIKU的一项现代倡议和产品是因纽特人海冰知识和使用的网络地图地图集，它是作为一种在线工具开发的，可以随着时间的推移进行更新和访问（第10章）。多年来出现了许多冰雪词汇和词汇（例如Armstrong等人1966年），但没有一个像SIKU项目中开发的那样，该项目对当地知识专家、老年专家小组会议、与当地专家、语言学家、人类学家和当地海冰工作组合作的母语人士进行了深入访谈。Armstrong和其他人（1966）是一本特别有用的指南，因为它有多达9种语言的对等术语，以及许多示例的插图。该资源中没有的是因纽特人术语中的等价物，这使得SIKU项目在北极的大部分地区都很有价值，包括根据所研究的一般地区的术语差异。此外，几个世纪以来因纽特人对siku的经验所产生的各种术语将填满许多页，正如本书中所看到的那样。全球变暖正在影响北极地区海冰的分布和厚度，从而影响北极熊和海象的数量，其中一个很突出的词是sikujuippoq，在格陵兰岛西部的术语中，意思是“没有更多的海冰”，这对猎人来说确实是一个不祥的情况。这本书是有价值的学者北部土著居民和他们的反应，在低温的意义上对他们的环境变化，生存了几个世纪，通过适应变化的冰条件，支配他们的生存。详细的索引（第479-501页）引导读者了解“冰”这个词的众多用法，仅这一项就有5页。（John Splettstoesser，美国明尼苏达州瓦科尼亚55387邮政信箱515号）
As originally proposed, the recent International Polar Year (IPY) appeared to be void of a ‘human dimension’. However, at an Arctic Council meeting of foreign ministers in 2004, the importance of the continuing contribution of indigenous and traditional knowledge to research in the Arctic, along with the initiation by Arctic residents in research programmes, enabled the introduction of social and human studies into the science programmes of the IPY. This book, published as part of the IPY 2007–2008, is a valuable outcome of that objective, with many of the 38 authors of the 20 chapters coming from various parts of Alaska, northern Canada, and Greenland. Because ice conditions in the Arctic in the colder parts of the year are a daily challenge for natives living there, the local populations have had to develop their own means of designating terms for whatever conditions were encountered in their livelihood of hunting, traversing sea ice, and interpretations of conditions as they saw them develop. These very useful qualities are discussed in this book, which in many respects will provide a ‘bible’ of terms for Inuit everywhere. Sea ice is the focus of how indigenous populations survive in the Arctic, for without thorough knowledge of how it affects their lives, they would be unable to hunt and pass along their knowledge to younger populations. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the history of the project known as SIKU and how it developed into the various vocabularies in this book. SIKU involved many investigators and some 30 villages/settlements in Alaska/Chukotka in the west, and Nunavut/Greenland in the east. As the project developed, individual investigators worked to combine proposals while efforts were made with regard to the funding requirements of the work. By 2005, the acronym SIKU (Sea Ice Knowledge and Use) was named for both the ‘Knowledge’ (‘Elders’) and ‘Use.’ An additional acronym, ISIUOP (Inuit Sea Ice Use and Occupancy Project), was developed as an IPY pre-proposal and is listed as an umbrella project to the overall study in the organisational structure initiative, 2006–2010, in a table (pages 18–22) that also lists project titles, collaborating communities, contributors, and funders, which included mainly the government of Canada, U.S. National Park Service, and National Science Foundation. Anthropologist Franz Boas has been credited with many pioneer contributions to the field of Arctic anthropology as a result of fieldwork among the Inuit on Baffin Island, following the first IPY, 1882–1883. Chapter 16 describes his work in some detail, including how his original four unrelated words for snow in the Eskimo language were picked up and exploited by later writers. Through repeated recycling, Boas’ original four terms eventually ‘snow-balled’ into up to 200 terms for snow that reportedly were known by the Eskimo, a sequence of events commonly known as ‘The great Eskimo vocabulary hoax’ (page 390). The acronym and new project SIKU was appropriate, for it is also the main Inuit word for sea ice (siku) known in every Inuit (Eskimo) community from Greenland to Russia. Although siku is the common word or prefix for many varieties of sea ice, individual settlements have their own terms for the same or different types of ice, based on Inuit lore. For example, the selected list of sea ice terms for eastern Greenland and western Greenland show differences for the same feature, but are also similar in other respects. The Inupiaq sea ice dictionary for Wales, Alaska (Kingigin) (Chapter 14) is one of the first of 25 indigenous sea ice vocabularies for the SIKU project and its associated projects. Other chapters apply to terminology in the other study sites, for example Qeqertaq, west Greenland; Cape Dorset; Igloolik; Pangnirtung; Gambell; Barrow; and Nunavut. Inuit experience with sea ice in areas of walrus hunting and whale hunting becomes very specific with regard to terms. For example, the Kingikmiut (Wales) term analuaq means ‘piece of floe ice that has walrus droppings on it.’ A modern initiative and product of SIKU is a cybercartographic atlas of Inuit sea ice knowledge and use that was developed as an online tool that can be updated and accessed over time (Chapter 10). A number of vocabularies and glossaries of snow and ice have appeared over the years (Armstrong and others 1966, for one example), but none like those developed in the SIKU project, in which in-depth interviews were conducted from local knowledge experts, team meetings of elderly experts, native speakers working with local experts, linguists, anthropologists, and local sea ice working groups. Armstrong and others (1966) is an especially useful guide because of equivalents of terms in as many as 9 languages, along with illustrations of many of the examples. What is not in that resource are equivalents in Inuit terms, which makes the SIKU project valuable throughout much of the Arctic, including differences in terminology depending on which general area was studied. Furthermore, the varieties of terms that result from Inuit experience over centuries for siku would fill many pages, as can be seen in this book. One term that stands out and might well be related to global warming, which is affecting sea ice distribution and thickness in the Arctic, and thus affecting polar bear and walrus populations, is sikujuippoq, which means ‘there is no more sea ice’ in the western Greenland terminology, an ominous situation indeed for hunters. This book is of value for scholars of northern indigenous populations and their response to changes in their environment in a cryogenic sense, surviving for centuries by adapting to changes in the ice conditions that govern their very survival. A detailed index (pages 479–501) leads the reader to the numerous uses of the word ‘ice’, which alone includes 5 pages. (John Splettstoesser, P.O. Box 515, Waconia, Minnesota U.S.A. 55387.)