Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome.
Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome.
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长期饮食影响着人类肠道中数万亿微生物的结构和活性，但目前尚不清楚人类肠道微生物组对短期常量营养素变化的反应速度和可重复性。在这里，我们表明，完全由动物或植物产品组成的饮食的短期消费改变了微生物群落结构和微生物基因表达的个体间差异。动物性饮食增加了胆汁耐受微生物（Alistipes，Bilophila和Bacteroides）的丰度，并降低了代谢膳食植物多糖（Roseburia，Eubacterium rectale和Ruminococcus bromii）的厚壁菌门的水平。微生物活性反映了草食性和肉食性哺乳动物之间的差异，反映了碳水化合物和蛋白质发酵之间的权衡。两种饮食中的食源性微生物都会短暂地定植在肠道中，包括细菌、真菌甚至病毒。最后，以动物为基础的饮食中，Bilophila wadsopheria的丰度和活性的增加支持了膳食脂肪、胆汁酸和能够引发炎症性肠病的微生物的生长之间的联系。总之，这些结果表明，肠道微生物组可以迅速对改变的饮食做出反应，从而可能促进人类饮食生活方式的多样性。
Long-term diet influences the structure and activity of the trillions of microorganisms residing in the human gut, but it remains unclear how rapidly and reproducibly the human gut microbiome responds to short-term macronutrient change. Here, we show that the short-term consumption of diets composed entirely of animal or plant products alters microbial community structure and overwhelms inter-individual differences in microbial gene expression. The animal-based diet increased the abundance of bile-tolerant microorganisms (Alistipes, Bilophila, and Bacteroides) and decreased the levels of Firmicutes that metabolize dietary plant polysaccharides (Roseburia, Eubacterium rectale, and Ruminococcus bromii). Microbial activity mirrored differences between herbivorous and carnivorous mammals, reflecting trade-offs between carbohydrate and protein fermentation. Foodborne microbes from both diets transiently colonized the gut, including bacteria, fungi, and even viruses. Finally, increases in the abundance and activity of Bilophila wadsworthia on the animal-based diet support a link between dietary fat, bile acids, and the outgrowth of microorganisms capable of triggering inflammatory bowel disease. In concert, these results demonstrate that the gut microbiome can rapidly respond to altered diet, potentially facilitating the diversity of human dietary lifestyles.