Degradation of organic matter from black shales and charcoal by the wood-rotting fungus Schizophyllum commune and release of DOC and heavy metals in the aqueous phase.
Degradation of organic matter from black shales and charcoal by the wood-rotting fungus Schizophyllum commune and release of DOC and heavy metals in the aqueous phase.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.12.012
复制
发表时间：
2006-08
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
M. Wengel;E. Kothe;C. Schmidt;K. Heide;G. Gleixner
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Wengel;E. Kothe;C. Schmidt;K. Heide;G. Gleixner
我们研究了难降解有机物（OM）的担子菌真菌裂褶菌公社了解溶解性有机化合物，重金属和硫的释放。调查的OM包括：木炭，高温木材蚀变在没有氧气的情况下，主要由纯OM组成的短时间的最终产品;和黑色页岩组成的粘土矿物，石英，硫化物和OM地质形成在一个非生物的长期过程。在这两种情况下，OM馏分主要含有多环芳烃。我们研究了降解这些馏分的木材腐烂的担子菌，这是能够产生胞外酶，如过氧化物酶和漆酶。这些酶可以进行自由基反应以氧化OM（如木质素），因此假设能够从木炭和/或低级变质黑色页岩中降解OM。在这两种情况下，都可以检测到新的组分释放到溶解有机碳（DOC）中。在黑色页岩的情况下，对OM的攻击与重金属Fe、Mn和Ni的释放相吻合。通过在整个实验中的硫浓度，它表明，重金属的释放是由于黄铁矿氧化。将黑页岩和木炭样品分别接种S.在含有天冬氨酸和葡萄糖的稀释的基本培养基中进行分生。在1、7、28和84天后对水相和固相取样。DOC被测量为不可净化的碳，其特征在于通过尺寸排阻色谱法和UV检测。通过元素分析确定了固相的碳浓度。由于培养基提供的碳源降解，DOC浓度最初下降后，84天后DOC增加至80 mg/l。固体部分中的碳减少，证实该碳被真菌作为DOC释放。新生成的DOC形成了比生长培养基中的DOC更大的团聚体。研究表明，真菌的活性加速了木炭和黑色页岩等持久性碳源的降解。因此，真菌也加速了重金属的相关释放。生物降解过程的主要产物是有机重金属络合物，并可进入环境。
We investigated the degradation of refractory organic matter (OM) by the basidiomycete fungus Schizophyllum commune to understand the release of dissolved organic compounds, heavy metals and sulfur. The investigated OM consisted of: charcoal, the short time end product of high temperature wood alteration in the absence of oxygen and composed mainly of pure OM; and black shales composed of clay minerals, quartz, sulfides and OM formed geogenically in an abiotic long-term process. In both cases, the OM fraction contains mainly polyaromatic hydrocarbons. We investigated the degradation of these fractions by a wood-rotting basidiomycete, which is able to produce exoenzymes like peroxidases and laccases. These enzymes can perform radical reactions to oxidize OM (like lignin) and therefore hypothetically are able to degrade OM from charcoal and/or low grade metamorphic black shales. Release of new components into dissolved organic carbon (DOC) could be detected in both cases. The attack on OM in the case of black shales coincided with the release of the heavy metals Fe, Mn and Ni. By following sulfur concentrations throughout the experiment, it was shown that heavy metal release is not due to pyrite oxidation. Ground black shale and charcoal samples were inoculated with S. commune in a diluted minimal medium containing aspartic acid and glucose. The aqueous and solid phases were sampled after 1, 7, 28 and 84 days. DOC was measured as non purgeable carbon and characterized by size exclusion chromatography and UV detection. Carbon concentrations of the solid phase were determined by element analyses. After initial decrease of the DOC concentrations due to the degradation of the carbon source provided with the medium, DOC increased up to 80 mg/l after 84 days. Carbon decreased in the solid fraction confirming that this carbon was released as DOC by the fungus. The newly generated DOC formed larger agglomerations than the DOC of the growth medium. The investigation proved that the degradation of persistent carbon sources, such as charcoal and black shale, is accelerated by fungal activity. Consequently, the associated release of heavy metals is also accelerated by the fungus. Main products of the biological degradation processes were organic heavy metal complexes which can enter the environment.