Enhancing Cultural Changes by Means of Fictitious Translations
Enhancing Cultural Changes by Means of Fictitious Translations
复制标题
通过虚构翻译促进文化变革
DOI：
10.1075/btl.61.04tou
复制
发表时间：
2005
影响因子：
0.2
通讯作者：
Gideon Toury
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gideon Toury
在文化理论发展的这一点上，很少有人会质疑变化是文化固有特征的说法。这不仅意味着文化在原则上是可以改变的，而且还意味着，只要时间允许，每一个单一的文化系统确实会发生一些变化。事实上，一种文化如果在相当长的一段时间内没有表现出变化，即使不能完全停止作为一种活的文化的功能，也必然会被边缘化和过时。与此同时，文化体系也容易表现出对变革的某种抵制，尤其是在被认为过于激进的情况下。当更新似乎涉及这些变化时，它们很可能会被拒绝，以试图保持已经取得的成就；换句话说，保持文化所达到的任何平衡。因此，创新和保护成为文化动态中的两股主要竞争力量。为了调和这两种极端，人们提出了一个“大”假设，即新的模式确实设法进入了现存的文化曲目，尽管当这些新颖性在伪装下被引入时，系统会对变化产生固有的抵制；也就是说，就好像它们仍然代表了所讨论的文化中的一个既定选项。由于掩护是有效的，只有当与新模式有关的产品和生产过程的渗透完成时，接受文化才会出现变化，往往使其处于新的（和不同的）平衡状态的边缘。不用说，这个过程本身可能需要一段时间。此外，它往往涉及一系列更小、更复杂的变化，这些变化在发生时可能不会被视为变化。因此，即使是一些看似代表文化“革命”的东西，通常也会被发现遵循了一个进化过程（Shavit 1989: 593-600）。
At this point in the evolution of culture theory, very few would contest the claim that change is a built-in feature of culture. Implied is not only that cultures are changeable in principle, so to speak, but also that, given the time, every single cultural system would indeed undergo some change. In fact, a culture which would have failed to show change over a considerable period of time is bound to get marginalized and become obsolete, if not stop functioning as a living culture altogether. At the same time, cultural systems are also prone to manifest a certain resistance to changes, especially if they are deemed too drastic. When renewal seems to involve such changes, they may well be rejected in an attempt to maintain what has already been achieved; in other words, retain whatever equilibrium the culture has reached. Innovation and conservation thus appear as two major contending forces in cultural dynamics. One ‘big’hypothesis which has been put forward in an attempt to reconcile these two extremes claims that new models do manage to make their way into an extant cultural repertoire in spite of the system’s inherent resistance to changes if and when those novelties are introduced under disguise; that is, as if they still represented an established option within the culture in question. Inasmuch as the cover is effective, it is only when penetration of products and production processes pertaining to the new model has been completed that the receiving culture would appear to have undergone change, often bringing it to the verge of a new (and different) state of equilibrium. Needless to say, the process as such may take a while. Also, it tends to involve a series of smaller, more intricate changes, which may not be recognized as changes as they are occurring. Even something which appears to represent a cultural “revolution” would thus normally be found to have followed an evolutionary process (Shavit 1989: 593–600).