Biological sensitivity to context
Biological sensitivity to context
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00571.x
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发表时间：
2008-06-01
影响因子：
7.2
通讯作者：
Boyce, W. Thomas
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ellis, Bruce J.;Boyce, W. Thomas
传统观点认为，对压力的过度生物反应是进化历史的有害遗迹，在过去，生存威胁更加普遍和严重。然而，最近的证据表明，高反应性对行为和健康的影响是二价的，而不是单价的，根据具体情况发挥风险增加和风险保护作用。这些观察结果表明，应激反应性的增强可能反映了对环境的生物敏感性的增加，在逆境条件下可能对健康产生负面影响，在支持条件下可能产生积极影响。从进化的角度来看，压力反应系统的发育可塑性及其结构化的、依赖于环境的效应表明，这些系统的变化已经适应性地形成，以提高儿童将其压力反应特征与预期的发展环境相匹配的能力。总而言之，这些理论观点产生了一个新颖的假设：早期遭遇逆境与压力反应特征的发展之间存在曲线形的 U 形关系，在高压力和高度保护的早期社会环境中，高反应表型不成比例地出现。
Conventional views suggest that exaggerated biological reactivity to stress is a harmful vestige of an evolutionary past in which threats to survival were more prevalent and severe. Recent evidence, however, indicates that effects of high reactivity on behavior and health are bivalent rather than univalent in character, exerting both risk-augmenting and risk-protective effects depending on the context. These observations suggest that heightened stress reactivity may reflect increased biological sensitivity to context, with potential for negative health effects under conditions of adversity and for positive effects under conditions of support. From an evolutionary perspective, the developmental plasticity of the stress-response systems, along with their structured, context-dependent effects, suggests that variation in these systems has been adaptively patterned to increase the capacity of children to match their stress-response profiles to anticipated developmental environments. Taken together, these theoretical perspectives generate a novel hypothesis: that there is a curvilinear, U-shaped relation between early exposures to adversity and the development of stress-reactive profiles, with high-reactivity phenotypes disproportionately emerging within both highly stressful and highly protected early social environments.