Yiddish
Yiddish
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意第绪语
作者：
A. Beider
依其主要的系统层次特征，意第绪语属于西日耳曼语的高地德语分支。在其发展过程中，它受到了希伯来语的重要影响。在现代，我们可以区分三种主要的意第绪语：（1）西部德语地区的西部意第绪语;（2）直到世纪在中欧（捷克和东德土地）使用的意第绪语;（3）东欧的东部意第绪语。从Germanistics的角度来看，认为意第绪语变体的出现与早期新高地德语时期（1350-1650）相对应是合适的。正是在这一时期，犹太方言的习语开始与德国基督徒所说的方言在系统层面上存在差异，即在语音和语法上。在此之前，差异肯定存在于任何语言的表层领域，如正字法和词汇。来自德国南部的德语方言代表了西方意第绪语的语言基础。中世纪的德语波希米亚方言代表了中欧和东欧讲的意第绪语的语言基础。由于与斯拉夫基督教人口的长期接触，东意第绪语在波兰语、乌克兰语和白俄罗斯语的强烈影响下，其所有系统都经历了许多变化。它最终分支成三个亚方言：立陶宛意第绪语，波兰意第绪语和乌克兰意第绪语。在现代，在许多国家，意第绪语作为一种生活语言的使用的下降与当地犹太人对外邦人占多数的文化的同化有关。在18世纪末和19世纪期间，中欧和西欧的许多讲德语的省份都出现了这种情况，当地的犹太人放弃了意第绪语，转而使用德语。在20世纪世纪，许多西欧国家也发生了类似的向占主导地位的非犹太语言的转变。在苏联，在20世纪20年代和30年代，向俄语的转变已经很深入了。对于那些在大屠杀中幸存下来的人来说，同化在接下来的几十年里加速了。在波兰、立陶宛、匈牙利和罗马尼亚，讲意第绪语的社区在大屠杀中被摧毁。在北美，大多数移民家庭在一两代人的时间内就转向了英语。然而，由于在19世纪80年代和20世纪20年代之间，大量以意第绪语为母语的人不断涌入，直到世纪中期，意第绪语甚至在某些世俗的犹太群体中也被积极使用。然而，在世纪后半叶，它的衰落在某些Haredi团体之外加速。
According to its main system-level characteristics, Yiddish belongs to the High German branch of West Germanic languages. During its development, it underwent an important influence of Hebrew. In modern times, we can distinguish three main varieties of Yiddish: (1) Western Yiddish in western German-speaking territories; (2) Yiddish spoken until the 20th century in Central Europe (Czech and East German lands), and (3) Eastern Yiddish in eastern Europe. From the point of view of Germanistics, it is appropriate to consider that the inception of Yiddish varieties corresponds to the Early New High German period (1350–1650). It was during that period that the Jewish vernacular idiom started to have system-level differences in comparison to the dialects spoken by German Christians, namely, in phonology and grammar. Before that period, differences surely existed in such domains, surface level for any language, as orthography and lexicon. The German dialects from southern Germany represent the linguistic basis for Western Yiddish. The medieval Bohemian dialect of German represents the linguistic basis for Yiddish spoken in Central Europe and eastern Europe. Due to permanent contacts with the Slavic Christian population, Eastern Yiddish underwent numerous changes in all of its systems due to the strong influence of Polish, Ukrainian, and Belarusian. It eventually branched into three subdialects: Lithuanian Yiddish, Polish Yiddish, and Ukrainian Yiddish. In modern times, in numerous countries the decline of the use of Yiddish as a living language was related to the assimilation of local Jews to the culture of the Gentile majority. At the end of the 18th century and during the 19th century it was the case in various German-speaking provinces of Central Europe and western Europe where local Jews abandoned Yiddish in favor to German. Similar shifts to the dominant non-Jewish languages took place during the 20th century in various western European countries. In the USSR, during the 1920s and the 1930s the shift to Russian was already well advanced. For those who survived the Holocaust, the assimilation accelerated during the following decades. In Poland, Lithuania, Hungary, and Romania, Yiddish-speaking communities were decimated by the Holocaust. In North America, most immigrant families shifted to English within a generation or two. Yet, because of a permanent influx of masses of native speakers between the 1880s and the 1920s, Yiddish was actively used until the mid-20th century even in certain secular Jewish groups. However, during the second half of the 20th century its decline was accelerated outside of certain Haredi groups.