Dietary vitamin requirements of cultured young fish, with emphasis on quantitative estimates for salmonids
Dietary vitamin requirements of cultured young fish, with emphasis on quantitative estimates for salmonids
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DOI：
10.1016/0044-8486(94)90375-1
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发表时间：
1994-07
期刊：
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
B. Woodward
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
B. Woodward
目前大多数公认的鲑鱼维生素需求量估计值都高得惊人。这些估计大部分是基于使用经典的H440纯化饮食。这种饮食提供了有关鲑鱼（尤其是太平洋鲑鱼）水溶性维生素缺乏症迹象的开创性结果。然而，H440饮食是高度水溶性的，因此不适合精确估计水溶性维生素的需求。不幸的是，这一点现在普遍被忽视了。改良的纯化饲料（如20世纪70年代在安大略的圭尔夫开发的）是高脂肪的蒸汽颗粒配方，可最大限度地减少浸出损失，并支持虹鳟鱼（Oncorhynchus mykiss）的良好生长率。这一物种是特别适合的营养需求的研究，因为其贪婪的喂养行为在圈养。体重增加可以说是最好的单一指标的维生素需求的基础上，饮食配方的做法。根据这一标准，大多数水溶性维生素的饮食需求没有显着差异时，比较鳟鱼和不同的温血物种。无论维生素需求的表达方式如何（即以膳食重量或能量为基础），无论品系特异性生长潜力如何，以及（可能维生素E除外）无论水温如何，种间相似性也是明显的。因此，从胚胎发生的角度来看，使用虹鳟鱼获得的结果应被认为普遍适用于其他鲑鱼科物种。这一概括可能包括维生素B12以及维生素样营养素，胆碱和肌醇。维生素C是一种特殊情况，其最低需求量的精确估计有待于发现稳定的生物可利用形式。在这方面，现在的注意力集中在抗坏血酸磷酸盐上，需要关于鲑鱼对脂溶性维生素以及维生素C和维生素样化合物胆碱和肌醇的最低饮食需求的更精确的信息。最后，确定维生素K、维生素B12、胆碱和肌醇等营养素的最大膳食需求量可能是有用的，这些营养素可能存在重要和可变的非膳食来源。最低膳食需要量是指除正在研究的营养素外，所有成分都大量过量的膳食。重要的是要确定含有所有维生素的饮食是否在其最低要求水平（定义如所示），事实上，完全鲑鱼或其他物种。
The majority of currently accepted estimates of vitamin requirements for salmon are astonishingly high. These estimates are, for the most part, based on the use of the classic H440 purified diet. This diet provided the seminal results pertaining to water-soluble vitamin deficiency signs in salmonids, especially Pacific salmon. The H440 diet, however, is highly water-soluble and thus inappropriate for precise estimation of water-soluble vitamin requirements. Unfortunately, this is now generally overlooked. Improved purified diets (such as that developed in Guelph, Ontario, during the 1970s) are high-fat, steampelleted formulations which minimize leaching losses and which support good growth rates in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). This species is particularly suitable for studies of nutrient requirements because of its voracious feeding behaviour in captivity.Weight gain is arguably the best single index of vitamin requirement on which to base diet formulation practice. On the basis of this criterion, the dietary requirements for most water-soluble vitamins do not differ substantially when comparing the trout and diverse warm-blooded species. Interspecies similarity also is apparent regardless of the way in which vitamin requirements are expressed (i.e. on a dietary weight or energy basis), regardless of strain-specific growth potential, and (possibly except for vitamin E) regardless of water temperature. From the standpoint of phylogeny, therefore, results obtained using rainbow trout should be considered generally applicable to other salmonid species. Exceptions to this generalization may include vitamin B12as well as the vitamin-like nutrients, choline and myo-inositol. Vitamin C is a special case for which a precise estimate of minimal requirement has awaited discovery of a stable, biologically available form. Attention is now focused on ascorbate phosphate in this regard.More precise information is needed in relation to the minimal dietary requirements of salmonids for the fat-soluble vitamins, as well as for vitamin C and the vitamin-like compounds choline and myo-inositol. Ultimately, it may prove useful to define a maximum dietary requirement for nutrients such as vitamin K, vitamin B12, choline and myo-inositol for which significant and variable non-dietary sources may exist. Minimal dietary requirements are defined by means of diets containing large surfeits of all components except for the nutrient which is under investigation. It will be important to determine whether a diet containing all the vitamins at their minimal requirement level (defined as indicated) is, in fact, complete for salmonids or other species.