Morphogenesis of the femur at different stages of normal human development
Morphogenesis of the femur at different stages of normal human development
复制标题
DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0221569
复制
发表时间：
2019-08-23
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Takakuwa, Tetsuya
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Suzuki, Yuko;Matsubayashi, Jun;Takakuwa, Tetsuya
本研究旨在更好地表征从胚胎到胎儿早期股骨的形态发生。本研究使用了来自京都收藏的 62 个人类胎儿标本（头臀长 [CRL] 范围：11.4-185 毫米）。使用相差 X 射线计算机断层扫描和磁共振成像对股骨的形态发生和内部分化过程进行 3D 分析。软骨股骨首次在卡内基第 18 阶段被观察到。如巴丁所述，主要解剖标志是在骨干中心（CRL，40 毫米）开始骨化之前形成的。信号强度非常高的区域（根据 Streeter 分类的第 5 期；即描述为软骨崩解的区域）出现在骨干中心，这将 CRL 为 40.0 mm 的胎儿中信号强度稍低的区域（第 4 期；即最大尺寸的软骨细胞）分开。第 4 期和第 5 期区域仅限于干骺端，可能成为骨骺软骨板。股骨长度和骨化轴长度（OSL）与 CRL 呈强正相关。 CRL 在 40 至 75 毫米之间的胎儿中，OSL 与股骨长度之比迅速增加，而在 CRL 为 0.5 毫米的胎儿中，OSL 与股骨长度之比则适度增加。 75 毫米。软骨管侵犯发生在近端骨骺（CRL，62 mm）比远端骨骺（CRL，75 mm）更早。形态测量和Procrustes分析表明，骨化后股骨形状的变化有限，主要在初始骨化时和骨化后不久检测到。相比之下，股骨颈前倾和股骨头扭转在胎儿时期不断变化。我们的数据可以帮助了解股骨的形态发生以及区分胎儿早期的正常和异常发育。
The present study aimed to better characterize the morphogenesis of the femur from the embryonic to the early fetal periods. Sixty-two human fetal specimens (crown-rump length [CRL] range: 11.4-185 mm) from the Kyoto Collection were used for this study. The morphogenesis and internal differentiation process of the femur were analyzed in 3D using phase-contrast X-ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The cartilaginous femur was first observed at Carnegie stage 18. Major anatomical landmarks were formed prior to the initiation of ossification at the center of the diaphysis (CRL, 40 mm), as described by Bardeen. The region with very high signal intensity (phase 5 according to Streeter's classification; i.e., area described as cartilage disintegration) emerged at the center of the diaphysis, which split the region with slightly low signal intensity (phase 4; i.e., cartilage cells of maximum size) in fetuses with a CRL of 40.0 mm. The phase 4 and phase 5 regions became confined to the metaphysis, which might become the epiphyseal cartilage plate. Femur length and ossified shaft length (OSL) showed a strong positive correlation with CRL. The OSL-to-femur length ratio rapidly increased in fetuses with CRL between 40 and 75 mm, which became moderately increased in fetuses with a CRL of. 75 mm. Cartilage canal invasion occurred earlier at the proximal epiphysis (CRL, 62 mm) than at the distal epiphysis (CRL, 75 mm). Morphometry and Procrustes analysis indicated that changes in the femur shape after ossification were limited, which were mainly detected at the time of initial ossification and shortly after that. In contrast, femoral neck anteversion and torsion of the femoral head continuously changed during the fetal period. Our data could aid in understanding the morphogenesis of the femur and in differentiating normal and abnormal development during the early fetal period.